Infectious Disease Flashcards
1
Q
Transmission of infectious disease
A
- infectious agents can live on/in animals and humans
- infectious agents can be in food, water, waste, faeces and enviro
- vehicles and equipment can bring in and spread infectious agents
- ticks, fleas and mosquitos can transmit infectious agents through bite or ingestion of insect
2
Q
Routes of Transmission
A
- direct contact
- airborne
- fomite = inanimate objects that can spread disease
- oral- vector-borne
3
Q
Factors that determine outcome of infectious disease exposure (wether animal develop disease)
A
- pathogen involved (highly pathogenic)
- contact time with pathogen
- the amount of pathogen that animal comes into contact with
- route of transmission
- animals immune status (age, concurrent disease, stress = increase cortisol which supresses immune funtion)
4
Q
Control of infectious disease
A
- minimise contact between animals
- ensuring contagious animals dont enter group setting = isolation, quarantine
- avoid contact with enviro and objects that might be contaminated
- control disease vectors - insects, wildlife
- hand hygiene
- effective cleaning/disinfection
- managing stress
- vaccination and parasite control measures
- early identification/isolation of potentially infectious animal from other animals in group
5
Q
Vaccination - abour
A
- key metho of control of infectious disease
- uses principles of immune reposnse
- antigens in a base which allows controlled access of antigen to the bodies immune system
- antigen= either part of organism to be protected against or the whole organism or closely related but relatively harmless organism
- vaccines can be made with living or killed organisms
6
Q
Vaccination - response to infectious agent
A
- first exposure to infection/vac, animal recognises antigen as foreign and antibodies are produced
- primary response takes time to build ~ abs not identified for two-three weeks, white blood cells develop and fight disease
- if stimulus actual infection = response may be too slow and animal succumb to infection and show clinical signs
- if animal survives and is challenged again or given second vaccine = rapid response occurs due to memory induced by first exposure
- high levels ab produced within next 5-7 days
- in absence of further exposure = ab levels decrease over months = booster vaccines given at intervls
- individuals differ in responses to vaccination (some very high/low or intermediate)
- a few animals dont respond to vaccination = non-responder (enough animals in local are vaccinated/ decent protection, most wont contract disease and pass on to non-responder = herd immunity)
7
Q
How does age of animal impact vaccination
A
- younger = less able to respond
- less mature/competent (immune defence require time to respond fully
- response to vac may be interfered with by the presence of maternally derived antibodies (abs passed on by mother while young animals developing own defences)
8
Q
other factors that affect response to vaccination
- general heath/nutrition
- adjuvants
A
- healthy/well fed = respond better than ill/malnourished as immune system runs optimally with less wbc compromised along with other organs and systems
- e.g. aluminium hydroxide
- substances provide for a slow release of antigen from vaccination site
- producing constant triggering of antibody forming mechanisms
- a number of secondary responses of increased magnitude
9
Q
Living vaccines - adv and dis
Killed vac - adv
A
- organism may multiply in body = greater stimulus produced and longer lasting immunity can result even from single vaccine
- introduction of potentially dangerous virulent pathogen into body is not appropriate
(living vaccines normally produced from organisms modified in some way e.g. grown on abnormal media at abnormal temperature or are an avirulent strain)
- organism may revert to their original virulent form and produce disease = safety for killed vac (inability to produce infection)
10
Q
Dog routine vaccinations
A
- canine distemper virus
- canine adenovirus type 2 (hepatitis
- canine parvovirus
- canine parainfluenza (part of KC syndrome
- Leptospirosis - Leptospira canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa and Australis = Nobivac®
11
Q
Distemper
A
- virus
- multiplies in variety of cell types and organs
- fever followed by catarrhal discharge from eyes and nose
broncho-pneumonia may develop and fits may occur - hardpad paws due to presence of virus in skin = hyperkeratosis of footpads
12
Q
Canine adenovirus (CAV), Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)
A
- virus initially invades the tonsils and cervical lymphnodes
- viraemia
- possible involvement of liver
- Signs: fever, vomiting, diarrhoea followed by jaundice
- 2 antigenetically closly related but distinct types = CAV 1 and CAV 2
- vaccination utilises CAV 2
- CAV 1 = responsible for genralised disease
- CAV 2 = implicated in some cases of respiratory disease but not with systemic infection (affetcs entire body)
13
Q
Canine parvovirus
A
- first identified 1978
- hypothesised origin by natural genetic mutations of feline panleukopenia virus
- CPV and FPLV = 98% simmilar in nucleotide and amino acid sequence
- causes severe gasteroenteritis
- in very young pups = can casue sudden death as heat muscle affecting = myocarditis
14
Q
Parainfluenza (Pi)/CAV-2
what do they cause
A
- viruses two of the causes of kennel cough = upper respiratory disease
- harsh cough that spreads easily among animals in close confinement
- pure infection with Pi are rare and mild
- Bordetells bronchiseptica = bacterium may be involved in this disease
15
Q
Bacterial vaccines - Leptospirosis (serogroups protect against)
A
- current vaccine is tetravalent preparation that protects against the following serogroups ~ Leptospira canicola ~ Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae ~ Leptospira Grippotyphosa ~ Leptospira Australis
16
Q
Bacterial Vaccines - Leptospirosis
- clinical manifestations
- risk factors
- CS
A
- clinical manifestations may vary:
~ geographically
~ depending on serogroup circulating
~ virulence and load of infecting serovar
~ environmant
~ age/immune status of host - dogs that swim or drink from outdoor water sources or hunt wildlife at increased risk (clinical disease associated with heavy rainfall/flooding
- disease presentation can be sub acute, acute or peracute (very short/sudden intense often fatal)
CS (can be non specific and multi-systemic)
~vomiting
~ weakness
~ lethargy
~ fever
~polyurea/polydipsia (Urinate more frequently/ more thirsty)
~ jaundice
17
Q
Kennel cough vaccine
A
- intra-nasal vaccine for local protection against some aetiological agents associated with kennel cough syndrome (set of symptoms that occur together and suggest presence of certain disease or increased chance developing the disease)
- some prparations include protection against B. bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus
18
Q
Versions of kennel cough vaccine available
A
- Bronchishield® nasal drops (B. Bronchiseptica, adenovirus type 2, canine Pi)
- Canigen KC® (B. Bronchiseptica, canine Pi)
- Nobivac KC® (B. Bronchiseptica, canine Pi)
- Canigen PI (canine Pi)
- Versican Plus Pi/L4 (canine Pi plus lepto)
- Nobiva Pi (canine Pi)
19
Q
Rabies virus
A
- less commonly used
- utilised more freq now due to intoduction of PETS passport scheme which allows dogs to travel from uk to certain other European countries and retun without need for quarantine
- onset of immunity = adequate serological response found 2-3 weeks after vaccination
- duration of immunity = 3 years
20
Q
Babesiosis
A
- less commonly used
- serious tick-borne disease caused by a parasite which invades and destroys RBCs
- Nobivac piro® was a vaccine that contained antigens from Babesia canis and Babesia rossi – withdrawn at the request of the marketing-authorisation holder in 2013
- Pirodog® available for
European market.
21
Q
Virbagen Omega for cats and dogs
A
- less commonly uesd
- contains recombinant omega interferon (natural proteins produced by cells of immune sys that assisst immune response by inhibiting viral replication within other cells of body) of feline origin
- reduce mortality and CS of parvovirus in dogs from one month of age and cats infectied with FeLV/FIV in non-terminal clinical stages from 9 weeks old
- mechanism may involve enhancement of non-specific defence of body esp in dog against canine parvovirus
22
Q
Dog routine vaccine protoco UK - puppy vaccination
A
- initial course involves 2 vaccinations
1. Puppies under 12 weeks
~ first dose = full vaccine (DHPPiL4) administered between 6 and 10 weeks
(where early protection is required, first dose at 6 weeks but because maternally derived passive antibodies can interfere with response to vaccination = a final dose at 10 weeks or older is recomended )
~ second dose = full vaccine (DHPPiL4), administered at 12 weeks of age
2. Dogs and puppies over 10 weeks
~ first does full vaccine (DHPPiL4), from 12 weeks of age
~ second dose = L4 2 weeks later
23
Q
Booster vaccinations
- whats changed
- vaccines against which diseases and when
A
- up until recently dogs given full booster vaccination (DA2PPiL) every year
- disscussion and research indicated no longer nessassary and booster protocols have been altered
- recommended dogs revaccinated against
~ canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus = every 3 years
~ canine para influenza virus and leptospirosis = every year - vaccination should fall within 3-6 months of calculated booster date
- onset immunity occurs approx 2 weeks after last dose of routine vaccine
24
Q
What do we routinely vaccinate against in cats
A
- Feline rhinotracheitis herpesvirus (flu).
- Feline calicivirus (flu).
- Feline panleucopenia virus (enteritis).
- Feline leukaemia virus
given to kittens and repeated each year
25
Q
Viral vaccines (cats) - panelocupaenia
A
- aka infectious enteritis
- CS: fever, depression, anorexxia and diarrhoea
- a parvovirus
26
Q
Viral vaccines (cats) -Feline viral rhino-tracheitis (FVR)
A
- CS: sneezing, conjunctivitis, coughing, toungue ulceration
- CS usually seen in kittens up to 6 months of age
- infectious agent = herpes virus
27
Q
Viral vaccines (cats) - feline calicivirus disease
A
- responsible for oral ulcerations and severe systemic disease
- CS
(signs similar to FVR)
28
Q
Viral vaccines (cats) - feline leukaemia virus
A
- FeLV related disorders invlude ~ immunosupression ~ neoplasia ~ anaemia ~ immune mediated diseases ~ repro disorders ~ entiritis
29
Q
Bacterial vaccine (cats) - Chlamydophila felis
A
- infection manifests as upper respiratory tract and eye infection (conjuntivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis)
30
Q
Less commonly used vaccines available for cats
A
- Rabies Virus -vaccination for overseas travel purposes is now permitted.
- Bordetella bronchiseptica - to reduce clinical signs of Bordetella bronchiseptica-associated upper respiratory tract disease.
- Virbagen Omega for cats and dogs – contains a recombinant omega interferon of feline origin
31
Q
Cat routine vaccine protocol UK
A
- vary slightly depending on brand of vaccine used
General considerations - primary vaccinations
~ 2 injections
~ two doses required with an interval of 3-4 weeks between vaccinations
~ first dose administered from 9 weeks of age
~ onset immunity 7 days after primary vac demonstrated for the f
# feline calicivirus
# feline rhinotracheitis virus
# feline panleucopenia virus components
~ 2 weeks onset immunity for FeLV component
32
Q
Booster vaccination (Cats)
A
- repeat all components one year after primary vaccination
- Rhinotracheitis, Calicivirus and FeLV components = every year
- Panleucopaenia component revaccinated = every 3 years
33
Q
Rabbit vaccines - myxomatosis
A
- Uk licenced vaccine = Nobivac Myxo-RHD
- combination vaccine that protects against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease type 1
- vac based on recombinant attenuated myxoma vector virus
- contains RHD VP60 capsid gene (such that as a single vaccine immunises against the two diseases
- one dose five weeks or older
- onset immunity 3 weeks after vac
- 1 year duration of immunity
34
Q
Rabbit vaccinations - viral haemorrhagic disease
A
- VHD first diagnosed in UK in 1992
- caused by Calicivirus
- highly contageous
- spread directly and indirectly by insects and birds
- incubation period short and death soon follows = few clinical symptoms noticed
- CS: elevated temperature (>41 degrees C), anorexia, lethargy, collapse, convulsions (uncontrolable muscle contraction) paralysis, cries, difficulty breathing, bloddy discharge from nose
35
Q
RHD type 2 vaccine options
A
- new form first identified in 2010 in france, italy, spain
- new varient identified in UK in 2013
- Three vaccines available –
~ Filavac® VHD (Ceva) – against RHD types 1 and 2.
~ Eravac® (Hipra) – against RHD type 2.
~Myxo-RHD® (Nobivac) – RHD type 1
36
Q
Notible other companion animal species and vaccines used
- pigeon
- fish
- ferret
A
- Paramyxovirus and pigeon pox
- Aeromonas salmonicida, and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
- outbreak of canine distemper in 2012 in midlands
- no licenced vac available, many are not vaccinated
- varity of recomendations off lable use normally used in canines
