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Bio 101 > Vacab For Unit 3 > Flashcards

Vacab For Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Exergonic

A

The breakdown of organic molecules

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2
Q

Fermentation

A

Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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4
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Consumes compounds other than O2

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5
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic repiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

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6
Q

Redox reactions/Oxidation-reduction reactions

A

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

A substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

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8
Q

Reduction

A

A substance gains electrons, or is reduced

(The amount of positive charge is reduced)

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9
Q

Reducing agent

A

The electron donor

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10
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Electron receptor

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11
Q

NAD+

A

Functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

A coenzyme

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12
Q

NADH

A

Represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

Reduced form of NAD+

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13
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (splitting of sugar)

Occurs in the cytoplasm
Occurs with or without O2

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15
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Completes the breakdown of glucose

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16
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

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17
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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18
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate that is converted

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19
Q

Cytochromes

A

Redox-active protein with a central iron (Fe) atom as its core

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20
Q

ATP synthase

A

Uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

H+ moves back across the membrane, passing through the proton

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21
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

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22
Q

Proton-motive force

A

H+ gradient

Emphasizing its capacity to do work

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23
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps:
Releasing CO2
By yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking

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24
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2

By some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt

Human muscle cells use “ “ to generate ATP when O2 is scarce

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25
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

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26
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Yeast and many bacteria

They can survive using either fermentation of cellular respiration

Pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes

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27
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration

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28
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Fatty acids are broken down
And yield acetyl CoA

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29
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

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30
Q

Autotrophs

A

Sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

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31
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules

32
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Split H2O into hydrogen and O2, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing O2 as a by-product

33
Q

Light reactions

A

Split H2O
Release O2
Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

34
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

35
Q

Chloroplasts are

A

solar-powered chemical factories

36
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between crests of waves

37
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

The entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation

38
Q

Visible light

A

Consists of wavelengths that produce colors we see

39
Q

Photons

A

Discrete particles

40
Q

Pigments

A

Are substances that absorb visible light

41
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

A graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength

42
Q

Chlorophyll A

A

Suggests that violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis

43
Q

Action spectrum

A

Profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

44
Q

Chlorophyll B

A

Accessory pigments

Broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis

45
Q

Carotenoids

A

Accessory pigments

Absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

46
Q

Photosystem

A

Consists of reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

47
Q

Reaction-center complex

A

A Type of protein complex

48
Q

Light-harvesting complexes

A

Pigment molecules bound to proteins

Transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center

49
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

The reaction center accepts excited electrons and is reduces as a result

50
Q

Photosystem II

A

Functions first

And is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm

51
Q

Photosystem I

A

Is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

52
Q

Linear electron flow

A

The primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

53
Q

P680+

A

A very strong oxidizing agent

54
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

Uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH

Generates surplus of ATP (satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle)

55
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

A

Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar

56
Q

Photorepiration

A

A wasteful process

57
Q

C3 plants

A

Initial fixation of CO2
Forms a three-carbon compound

58
Q

C4 plants

A

Minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells

59
Q

PEP carboxylase

A

Enzyme

Has a higher affinity for COs than rubisco does
It can fix CO2 even when C2 concentrations are low

60
Q

Bundle-sheath cells

A

Release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle

61
Q

Crassulacean acid metabolic (CAM) plants

A

Open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids
Stomata close during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids and used int he Calvin cycle

62
Q

DNA replication

A

The parents molecules unwinds, and two new daughter strands are built based on base-pairing rules

63
Q

Origins of replication

A

Where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication “bubble”

64
Q

Replication fork

A

A y-shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating

65
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

66
Q

Single-stranded binding protein

A

Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template

67
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

68
Q

Primase

A

Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end
5-10 nucleotides long
3’ end serves as the starting point for the new DNA starting

69
Q

DNA polymerases

A

500-1000 nucleotides per second in bacteria

50 per second in human cells

70
Q

DNA pol III

A

Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand

71
Q

DNA pol I

A

Removes RNA nucleotides of primer form 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

72
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand, on the leading strand, joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA

73
Q

Lagging strand

A

DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork

Synthesizes as a server of segments called Okazaki fragments then joined together by DNA ligase

74
Q

Missencse Mutation

A

A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alter the genetic cods in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual amino acid

75
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in a DNA sequence that shifts the way its read. Complete movement That shifts the multiples of three.

regular: cell are read in groups of 3 bases (condones) when making a protein.

76
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Causes a protein to terminate or end its translation earlier than expected

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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