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Bio 101 > Vacab For Unit 3 > Flashcards

Vacab For Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Exergonic

A

The breakdown of organic molecules

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2
Q

Fermentation

A

Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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4
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Consumes compounds other than O2

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5
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic repiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

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6
Q

Redox reactions/Oxidation-reduction reactions

A

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

A substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

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8
Q

Reduction

A

A substance gains electrons, or is reduced

(The amount of positive charge is reduced)

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9
Q

Reducing agent

A

The electron donor

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10
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Electron receptor

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11
Q

NAD+

A

Functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

A coenzyme

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12
Q

NADH

A

Represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

Reduced form of NAD+

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13
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (splitting of sugar)

Occurs in the cytoplasm
Occurs with or without O2

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15
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Completes the breakdown of glucose

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16
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

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17
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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18
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate that is converted

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19
Q

Cytochromes

A

Redox-active protein with a central iron (Fe) atom as its core

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20
Q

ATP synthase

A

Uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

H+ moves back across the membrane, passing through the proton

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21
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

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22
Q

Proton-motive force

A

H+ gradient

Emphasizing its capacity to do work

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23
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps:
Releasing CO2
By yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking

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24
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2

By some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt

Human muscle cells use “ “ to generate ATP when O2 is scarce

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25
Obligate anaerobes
Carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
26
Facultative anaerobes
Yeast and many bacteria They can survive using either fermentation of cellular respiration Pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes
27
Catabolic pathways
Funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration
28
Beta oxidation
Fatty acids are broken down And yield acetyl CoA
29
Photosynthesis
The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
30
Autotrophs
Sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
31
Photoautotrophs
Using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules
32
Chloroplasts
Split H2O into hydrogen and O2, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing O2 as a by-product
33
Light reactions
Split H2O Release O2 Reduce NADP+ to NADPH Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
34
Carbon fixation
Incorporating CO2 into organic molecules
35
Chloroplasts are
solar-powered chemical factories
36
Wavelength
The distance between crests of waves
37
Electromagnetic spectrum
The entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation
38
Visible light
Consists of wavelengths that produce colors we see
39
Photons
Discrete particles
40
Pigments
Are substances that absorb visible light
41
Absorption spectrum
A graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength
42
Chlorophyll A
Suggests that violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis
43
Action spectrum
Profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process
44
Chlorophyll B
Accessory pigments Broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis
45
Carotenoids
Accessory pigments Absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll
46
Photosystem
Consists of reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
47
Reaction-center complex
A Type of protein complex
48
Light-harvesting complexes
Pigment molecules bound to proteins Transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center
49
Primary electron acceptor
The reaction center accepts excited electrons and is reduces as a result
50
Photosystem II
Functions first And is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm
51
Photosystem I
Is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm
52
Linear electron flow
The primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
53
P680+
A very strong oxidizing agent
54
Cyclic electron flow
Uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH Generates surplus of ATP (satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle)
55
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar
56
Photorepiration
A wasteful process
57
C3 plants
Initial fixation of CO2 Forms a three-carbon compound
58
C4 plants
Minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells
59
PEP carboxylase
Enzyme Has a higher affinity for COs than rubisco does It can fix CO2 even when C2 concentrations are low
60
Bundle-sheath cells
Release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle
61
Crassulacean acid metabolic (CAM) plants
Open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids Stomata close during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids and used int he Calvin cycle
62
DNA replication
The parents molecules unwinds, and two new daughter strands are built based on base-pairing rules
63
Origins of replication
Where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication “bubble”
64
Replication fork
A y-shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating
65
Helicase
Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
66
Single-stranded binding protein
Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template
67
Topoisomerase
Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
68
Primase
Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end 5-10 nucleotides long 3’ end serves as the starting point for the new DNA starting
69
DNA polymerases
500-1000 nucleotides per second in bacteria 50 per second in human cells
70
DNA pol III
Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand
71
DNA pol I
Removes RNA nucleotides of primer form 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides
72
DNA ligase
Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand, on the leading strand, joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA
73
Lagging strand
DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork Synthesizes as a server of segments called Okazaki fragments then joined together by DNA ligase
74
Missencse Mutation
A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alter the genetic cods in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual amino acid
75
Frameshift Mutation
Insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in a DNA sequence that shifts the way its read. Complete movement That shifts the multiples of three. regular: cell are read in groups of 3 bases (condones) when making a protein.
76
Nonsense mutation
Causes a protein to terminate or end its translation earlier than expected

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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