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Bio 101 > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characters of Living Organisms

A

Cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity to environment, reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation

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2
Q

Cellular Level

A

Cell is the basic unity of life
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells

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3
Q

Organismal Level

A

Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems

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4
Q

Hierarchical Organization

A

Population, Species, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Uses general principles to make specific predictions

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6
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

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7
Q

5 step approach

A

Observation, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, conclusion

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8
Q

Def of hypothesis

A

A possible explanation for an observation

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9
Q

A hypothesis…

A

Must be tested to determine its validity
Tested in different ways
Allows for predictions to be made

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10
Q

Iterative

A

Hypothesis can be changed and refines with new data

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11
Q

Reductionism

A

To break a complex process to its simpler parts

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12
Q

Systems Biology

A

Focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at simpler parts

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13
Q

Scientific Theory

A

Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning

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14
Q

Basic research

A

Intended to extend the boundaries of what we know

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15
Q

Applied research

A

Foundation provided by basic research
Manufacture of goods such as food additives or drugs

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16
Q

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

A

Charles Darwin

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17
Q

All life requires…?

A

Energy

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18
Q

Photosynthetic organisms

A

Transform solar energy into chemical energy as matter (carbohydrates)

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19
Q

Organisms, such as humans, transform

A

Chemical energy into other forms of energy (kinetic) and matter (proteins)

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20
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cells information

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21
Q

Gene

A

Discrete unit of information

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22
Q

Genome

A

Entire set of DNA instructions

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23
Q

The water molecule is a

A

Polar molecule
The opposite ends have opposite charges

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24
Q

Polarity allows water…

A

Molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

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25
Water properties that facilitate an environment for life…
Cohesive behavior Ability to moderate temperature Expansion upon freezing Versatility as a solvent
26
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together
27
Surface Tension
A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid Surface tension is related to cohesion
28
Cohesion helps with…
Transport water against gravity in plants
29
Adhesion
An attraction between different substances Ex. Between water and plant call walls
30
Water absorbs heat from…
Warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air
31
Water can absorb or release…
A large amount of heat with only a slight change in its temperature
32
Kinetic energy
The energy of motion
33
Heat
A measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
34
Temperature
Measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules
35
Calorie
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C
36
“Calories” are
Kilocalories 1kcal = 1,000 cal
37
Joule
Another unit of energy where 1 J = .239 cal 1 Cal = 4.184 J
38
Specific Heat
A substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or last for 1 g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
39
Water + Heat
Water resists changing its temp because of its high specific heat This can be traced to hydrogen bonding Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form
40
High specific heat of water
minimized temp fluctuations to within limits that permit life
41
Evaporation is
Transformation of a substance from liquid gas
42
Heat of vaporization
Is the heat a liquid mist absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas
43
Evaporative cooling
A liquid evaporates and remaining surface cool
44
Evaporative cooling of water helps…
Stabilize temps in organisms and bodies of water
45
Ice floats in liquid water because…
Hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered” making ice less dense
46
Solution
A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances
47
Solvent
The dissolving argent of a solution
48
Solute
The substance that is dissolved
49
Aqueous Solution
Which water is the solvent
50
Water is a versatile solvent due to…
It’s polarity Allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily
51
Hydration Shell
When an ionic compound is dissolved in water Each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules
52
Water can dissolve compounds made of
Nonionic polar molecules
53
Hydrophilic
An affinity for water
54
Hydrophobic
Not have an affinity for water
55
Oil molecules are
Hydrophobic because they have relatively nonpolar bonds
56
Colloid
A stable suspension of fine particle in a liquid
57
Molecular mass
The sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule
58
Molarity
The number of moles of sulzte per liter of solution
59
Hydrogen ion
Hydrogen atom leaves its election behind and is transferred as a proton
60
Hydronium ion
The molecule with the extra proton
61
Hydroxide ion
The molecule that lost the proton
62
Water is in a state of Dynamic equailibrium
In which water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being reformed
63
Concentrations of H+ and OH- are
Equal in pure water
64
PH scale
To describe whether a solution is acidic or basic
65
Acid
Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
66
Base
Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution
67
PH of most living cells i s
7
68
Buffers
Are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
69
Vitalism
The belief that some aspect of the universe are essentially beyond measurable nature
70
Scientific Materialism
The beef that the universe is explainable through understanding the behavior of what is measurable
71
Dogma
Concepts that are “established” according to one particular point of view
72
Inductive generalizations
The heart of moving from individuals or examples to more general characteristics of the material world
73
Law
An inductive generalization that is supported by a huge number of observations
74
Hypotheses must be
Tested and falsifiable
75
Theory
The most logical and best supported explanation of an observed phenomenon

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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