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Bio 101 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transcription

A

DNA —> RNA

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2
Q

Translation

A

RNA —> protein (chain of amino acid)

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3
Q

Transcription def

A

A complementary sing strand of mRNA is copied from part of the DNA in the nucleus

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4
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme
Unwinds DNA strand
“Reads” one strand of DNA bases and makes the RNA strand
mRNa leaves and DNA strands will coil back up

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5
Q

RNA: sugar ribose

A

Instead of deoxyribose

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6
Q

RNA: single-stranded

A

Instead of double stranded

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7
Q

RNA: contains uracil

A

In place of thymine

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8
Q

RNA contains

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine uracil (not thymine)

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9
Q

Comparison of FNA and RNA

A

Sugar: DNA RNA

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10
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Carries copies of instructions, for the assembly of amino acids into proteins, from DNA to the ribosome (serve as “messenger”)

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11
Q

Three main types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosmomal RNA(rRNA)
Transfer RNA “(tRNA)

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12
Q

*mRNA editing

A

Cutting and splicing mRNA before it leaves the nucleus

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13
Q

*Introns (intruders)

A

“Junk DNA” that doesn’t code for proteins are cut out

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14
Q

*Exons

A

“Good DNA” that code for proteins stay and are expressed

Can be spliced together in different sequences to produce different mRNA’s = different proteins

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15
Q

Introns are

A

Removed and exons are spliced together

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16
Q

Edited mRNA is sent out of

A

Nucleus to ribosome

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17
Q

*Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Makes up the major part of ribosomes, which is where proteins are made

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18
Q

*Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Transfer (carries) amino acids to ribosomes as specified by codons in the mRNA

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19
Q

How the code is read:

A

Every 3 bases on mRNA represents a code for an amino acid = codon

Amino acids are abbreviated most times by using the first 3 letters of the amino acids name

Met = methonine
Leu=leucine

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20
Q

tRNA have a order and a sequence also read in

A

3’ to 5’
5’ to 3’

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21
Q

Why do we look at sequences of RNA

A

What if there is a mutation in the ribosomes; not going to do a good job making DNA

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22
Q

*Translation

A

Translating of a mRNA codons into a protein (amino acid chain)

Takes place on ribosomes in cytoplasm

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23
Q

Edited mRNA

A

Attaches to a ribosome

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24
Q

Each codon of the mRNA molecule…

A

Moves through the ribosome, the tRNA brings the proper amino acid to the ribosome

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25
Q

The anti condor on tRNA

A

It is complementary to the mRNA codon

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26
Q

The amino acids are joined together by

A

Chemical bonds called peptide bonds to build an amino acid chain called a “polypeptide”

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27
Q

*Start codons

A

Founds at the beginning of a protein

Only one - AUG (methionine)

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28
Q

*Stop codons

A

Found at the end of a protein (end of a polypeptide chain)

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29
Q

Three stop codons that do not code

A

For any amino acid therefore making the process stop

UAA, UAG, UGA

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30
Q

The cells uses the vital

A

DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints”

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31
Q

The DNA molecules remains within the

A

Safety of the nucleus, while RNA molecules go to the protein-building sites in the cytoplasm — the ribosomes

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32
Q

*Mutation

A

Changes in the genetic material
(Like mistakes in copying or transcribing)

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33
Q

*Chromosomal mutations

A

Involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

Down syndrome

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34
Q

*Gene mutation

A

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene

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35
Q

*point mutations

A

Affects single nucleotide base is replaced with the wrong base (letter)

Ex. Sickle-cell anemia

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36
Q

*silent mutations

A

A base is changed, but the new codon codes for the same Amin acid. Not all mutation are harmful.

Typically it is the third letter in the codon

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37
Q

*substitution point mutation

A

That still codes for an amino acid, just the wrong amino acid

May or may not be harmful

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38
Q

Different points of gene regulation

A

During transcription
Post transcription
During translation
Post translation

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39
Q

Regulation of chromatin formation

A

Euchromatin vs heterochromatin

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40
Q

Positive control of the expression of individual genes

A

Transcription enhancement/inhibition

Increase enhancement

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41
Q

Nucleosome

A

Pulls dna apart and exposes it

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42
Q

Acetylation

A

Histone tails leads to euchromatin formation and makes expression possible

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43
Q

Methylation

A

His tones leads to condensation (heterochromatin formation) the prevents expression

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44
Q

Modification

A

His tones affects gene expression: other post-translation modifications

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45
Q

Tails

A

Acetylation
Methylation
Ubiquination
Sumoylation
Phosphorylation

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46
Q

Adding of methyl’s to nitrogenous bases often cytosine:

A

Tends to favor heterochromatin formation
Long term shutoff of gene expression

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47
Q

*genomic imprinting

A

Methylation passed on

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48
Q

*epigenetic inheritance

A

Changes in inheritance that do not involve the nucleotide sequence

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49
Q

Methylation of DNA

A

Importance to X chromosome inactivation

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50
Q

Histone code hypothesis

A

Specific pattern of methylation and acetylation determines euchromatin heterochromatin patterns and therefore gene expression

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51
Q

Exons

A

Expressed

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52
Q

Introns

A

Junk

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53
Q

RNA processing

A

Cap and tail added

Introns excised and exons spliced together

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54
Q

Binding promotes

A

The stable attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

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55
Q

Some (TBP) bind to the

A

TATA box in the promoter

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56
Q

Many bind to other

A

Proteins in the complex, including RNA polymerase

57
Q

Many are regulated

A

By the other proteins

58
Q

Enhancers

A

Many short binding sequences

59
Q

Many short binding sequences are grouped

A

Together at a considerable distance from the promoter
The grouping is termed a DISTAL control element

60
Q

Various transcription factors specifically bind

A

These regulatory elements and aid in the regulation of transcription

61
Q

Differential expression of genes located in

A

Euchromatin of different cells varies because of differing amounts of specific transcription factors

62
Q

Totipotent

A

They can become anything or whatever

63
Q

Pleuripotent

A

Can turn into a number of things but NOT anything

64
Q

Aldosterone and blood pressure/water balance

A

The receptor/hormone complex as a activator

65
Q

The central role of the expression of receptors

A

To the sensitivity of cells to various hormones

66
Q

The same specific transcription factors can

A

Simultaneously active many genes if the enhancers are similar in each gene

67
Q

Sine transcription factors are in fact…

A

Repressors
Repression acts in other ways such as by making it more difficult for activator TFs to bind to mediator proteins etc.

However that regulation is still positive

68
Q

Many transcription factors are

A

Themselves regulated

69
Q

*cell division

A

The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells

70
Q

The ability of organisms to produce more…

A

Of their own kinds best distinguishes living things from non living matter

71
Q

Diploid

A

Huh

72
Q

Haploid

A

Huh

73
Q

Homologs

A

Chromosome 1 from mom homologous from chromosome 1 from dad

74
Q

*Unicellular organisms

A

Reproduced the entire organism

75
Q

*Multicellular organisms

A

Depend on cell division for
Development
Growth
Repair

76
Q

*Cell cycle

A

The life of a cell from formation to its own division

77
Q

Cell division is an

A

Integral part of cell cycle

78
Q

Most cell division results in

A

Frighten cells with identical genetic information, DNA

79
Q

The exception is meiosis

A

A special type of division that can produce sperm and egg cells

80
Q

*Genome

A

All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cells

81
Q

A genome can consist of a

A

Single DNA molecule(common in prokaryotic cells), or a number of DNA molecules (common in eukaryotic cells)

82
Q

*Chromosomes

A

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged

83
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of

A

Chromatin

84
Q

*Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus

85
Q

*Somatic cells

A

(Nonreproductive cells) have 2 sets of chromosomes

86
Q

*Gametes

A

(Reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) have glad as many chromosomes as somatic cells

87
Q

In preparation for cell division

A

DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense

Each duplicate chromosome has 2 sister chromatids which separate during cell division

88
Q

*sister chromatids

A

joined copes of the original chromosome

89
Q

*Centromere

A

The narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the 2 chromotids are most closely attached

90
Q

Mitosis

A

Uhr division of the genetic material in the nucleus

91
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm

92
Q

Eukaryotic cell division consists of

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

93
Q

Meiosis

A

Gametes are produced by a variation of cell division

94
Q

Meiosis yields no identical daughter cells that have only

A

One set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell

95
Q

In 1882, the German anatomist

A

Walther Flemming developed dyes to observe chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis

96
Q

Cell cycle consists of

A

Mitotic (M) phase
Interphase

97
Q

Mitotic m phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

98
Q

Interphase

A

Cell growth ans copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

99
Q

Interphase (about 90% of the cell cycle) can be divided into sub phases

A

G1 phase (first gap)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (second gap)

100
Q

The cell browns during all three phases, but

A

Chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase

101
Q

Name of the phases

A

Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

102
Q

*mitotic spindle

A

A structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

103
Q

Centrosome

A

Assembly of spindle microtubules

The microtubule organizing center

104
Q

Aster

A

A redial array of short microtubules

Extends from each centrosome

105
Q

The centrosome replicated during interphase forming

A

2 centrosome that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during prophase and prometaphase

106
Q

The spindle includes the

A

Centrosomes, the spindle microtubules, and the asters

107
Q

Kinetochores

A

Are protein complexes associated with centromeres

108
Q

Metaphase plate

A

At metaphase, the chromosomes are all lines up

An imaginary structure at the midway point between the spindels two poles

109
Q

During prometaphase

A

Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and begin to move the chromosomes

110
Q

*Binary fission

A

Prokaryotes reproduce by a types of cell division

111
Q

In binary fission

A

The chromosome replicates (origin of replication) and two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

112
Q

The plasma membrane pinches inwards

A

Dividing the cell into two

113
Q

The frequency of cell division

A

Varies with the type of cell

114
Q

These differences result from

A

Regulation at the molecular lebel

115
Q

Cancer cells manage to escape the usual

A

Controls on the cell cycle

116
Q

The cell cycle appears to be

A

Driven by specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm

117
Q

Some evidence for this hypothesis comes form experiments in which

A

Cultured mammalian cells at the different phases of the cell cycle were fused to form a single cell with two nuclei

118
Q

The sequential events of the cell cycle are

A

directed by a distinct cell cycle control system

119
Q

Cell cycle control system is regulated by

A

Both internal and external controls

120
Q

Checkpoints

A

Where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

121
Q

If a cell receives a

A
122
Q

Diff gene and alleles

A

Genes unit of heredity passed from parents offspring
Genes that show variation

123
Q

Locus

A

Specific, fixed position of a chromosome where a particular gene is located

124
Q

Meiosis I

A

Is preceded by interphase, when the chromosomes are duplicated to form sister chromatids

125
Q

The sister chromatids

A

Are genetically identical and are joined at the centroemere

126
Q

The single centromere

A
127
Q

Synapsis

A

Homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene

128
Q

Prophase I

A

Typically occupies more than 90% of the time

Chromosomes begin to condense

129
Q

Crossing over

A

Nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments

130
Q

Each pair of chromosomes

A

Forms a tetrad, a group of 4 chromotids

131
Q

Each tetrad usually has

A

On or more chiasmata

132
Q

Chiasmata

A

X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred

133
Q

Characters

A

Varieties with distinct heritable features

134
Q

Traits

A

Character variants

135
Q

Truebreeding

A

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate

136
Q

Hybridization

A

Mated two contrasting true breeding varieties

137
Q

P generation

A

True breeding parents

138
Q

F1 Generation

A

Hybrid offspring of the P generation

139
Q

F2 Generation

A

F1 individuals self pollinate or cross pollinate with other F1 hybrids

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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