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Bio 101 > Unit 2 Slides > Flashcards

Unit 2 Slides Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell

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2
Q

metabolic pathway

A

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, is an example of a pathway of catabolism

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4
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of anabolism

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5
Q

Bioenergetics

A

is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources

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6
Q

Energy

A

Is the capacity to cause change

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7
Q

4 forms of energy

A

Kinetic
Heat
Potential
Chemical

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8
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Is energy associated with motion

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9
Q

Thermal/Heat energy

A

Is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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10
Q

Potential energy

A

Is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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11
Q

Chemical energy

A

Is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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12
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformations

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13
Q

Isolated system

A

Is isolated from its surroundings

liquid in a thermos

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14
Q

Open system

A

Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

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15
Q

Organisms are…

A

Open systems

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16
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

The energy of the universe is constant

Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

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17
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

During every energy transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat

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18
Q

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the ___ of the universe

A

Entropy

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19
Q

Spontaneous processes

A

Occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly

Rust

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20
Q

For a process to occur without energy input, it…

A

Must increase the entropy of the universe

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21
Q

Cells create ___ structures from ___ ___ materials

A

Ordered
Less ordered

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22
Q

Organisms also replace ___ forms of matter and energy with ___ ___ forms

A

Ordered
Less ordered

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23
Q

Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of ___ and exits in the form of ___

A

Light
Heat

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24
Q

Entropy (disorder) may decrease in an organism, but…

A

The universes total entropy increases

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25
Q

Free energy

A

Is energy that can do work when temp and pressure are uniform (as in a living cell)

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26
Q

Free-energy change formula

A

∆G = ∆H – T∆S

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27
Q

Entropy is

A

Disorder

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28
Q

Every transfer or transformation leads to

A

Entropy

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29
Q

If the ∆G is - it is

A

Spontaneous

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30
Q

∆G
∆H
– T∆S

A

Free energy (G)
Total energy (H)
Entropy (S) and kelvin (T)

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31
Q

Free energy is a measure of a systems

A

Instability
It’s tendency to change to a more stable state

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32
Q

During a spontaneous change

A

Free energy decreases and the stability of a system with increase

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33
Q

Equilibrium is

A

A state if maximum stability

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34
Q

More entropy =

A

More random or farther apart
= spontaneous

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35
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

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36
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous

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37
Q

Reactions in a ___ system eventually reach ___ and then do ___ work

A

Closed
Equilibrium
No

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38
Q

Cells are not in equilibrium; they are ___ systems experiencing a ___ flow of materials

A

Open
Constant

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39
Q

Metabolism is

A

Never at equilibrium

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40
Q

A catabolic pathway in a cell

A

Releases free energy in a series of reactions

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41
Q

Closed and open hydroelectric systems can serve as

A

Analogies

Pull electrons = prions

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42
Q

A cell does 3 main kinds of work

A

Chemical
Transport
Mechanical

43
Q

Energy coupling

A

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

44
Q

Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by

A

ATP

45
Q

ATP

A

Is the cells energy shuttle

46
Q

ATP is composed of

A

Ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

47
Q

The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATPs tail can be broken by

A

Hydrolysis

48
Q

The three types of cellular work ___, ___, and ___, are powered by the ___ of ATP

A

Mechanical, transport, and chemical
Hydrolysis

49
Q

The energy from exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an ___

A

Endergonic reaction

50
Q

Coupled reactions are (steal energy to another)

A

Exergonic

51
Q

ATP is a

A

Renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to ADP

52
Q

Energy to phosphorylate APD comes from

A

Catabolic reactions in the cell

53
Q

ATP cycle is a revolving door through which nerdy passes during its ___ from ___ to ___ pathways

A

Transfer
Catabolic
Anabolic

54
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical argent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

55
Q

Enzyme

A

Is a catalytic protein

56
Q

Hydrolysis of surprise by the enzyme sucrose is an ex of an

A

Enzyme-catalyzed reaction

57
Q

Every chemical reaction between molecules involves

A

Bond breaking and bond forming

58
Q

Activation energy

A

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

(Energy required in order to go)

59
Q

Activation energy is often supplies in the form of

A

Thermal energy
The reactant molecules absorb from their surroundings

60
Q

Enzymes catalyze reactions by

A

Lowering the Ea barrier

61
Q

Enzymes do not affect the change in free energy, instead

A

They hasten reactions that would occur eventually

62
Q

For a bigger reaction you need

A

More enzymes

63
Q

The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzymes

A

Substrate

64
Q

Enzymes binds to its ___, forming an ___

A

Substrate
Enzyme-substrate complex

65
Q

Active site

A

Is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

66
Q

Induced fit

A

A substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

67
Q

The active site can lower an Ea barrier by

A

Orienting substrate correctl
Straining substrate bonds
Providing a favorable micro environment
Covalently bonding to the substrate

68
Q

An enzymes activity can be affect by

A

Bernal environmental factors (poor temp and pH)

Chemical that specifically influence the enzyme

69
Q

Optimal conditions favor the most ___ ___ for the enzyme molecule

A

Active shape

70
Q

Cofactors

A

Are non proteins enzyme helpers

71
Q

Cofactors may be ___ or ___

A

Inorganic or organic

72
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic cofactor

73
Q

Coenzymes include

A

Vitamins

74
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate (block the active spot)

75
Q

Non competitive inhibitors

A

Bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change and making the active site less effective

76
Q

Example of inhibitors include

A

Toxins, posing, pesticides, and antibiotics

77
Q

Enzyme are proteins

A

Encoded by genes

78
Q

Changes in genes

A

Lead to changes in amino acid composition of an enzyme

79
Q

Altered amino acids in enzymes

A

May alter their substrate specificity

80
Q

Allosteric regulations

A

May either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

81
Q

Allosteric regulation occurs

A

When a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site

82
Q

Most allosterically regulated enzymes are made from

A

Polypeptide subunits

83
Q

The binding of an activator stabilizes the ___ form of the enzyme

A

Active

84
Q

The binding of an ___ stabilized the inactive form

A

Inhibitor

85
Q

Cooperativity

A

A form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

86
Q

Caspases

A

Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes, may help management of inappropriate inflammatory responses

87
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

The end product o fa metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

88
Q

Feedback inhibition prevents a cell from

A

Wasting chemical resources b synthesizing more product than is needed

89
Q

Fermentation

A

Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

90
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Consumer organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

91
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Included both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

92
Q

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy is stored in

A

Organic molecules

93
Q

Redox reactions

A

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation reduction reactions

94
Q

Oxidation

A

A substance gains electrons, or is reduced
(Amount of positive electrons is reduced)

95
Q

Reducing agent

A

The electron donor

96
Q

Oxidizing argent

A

The electron receptor

97
Q

Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but change

A

The electron sharing in covalent bonds

98
Q

In cellular respiration

A

Glucose and other organic molecule are broken down in a series of steps

99
Q

NAD+ is

A

A coenzyme

100
Q

NAD+ functions as an

A

Oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

101
Q

Electron transport chain

A

NADH passes the electrons to the

102
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

103
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Completes the breakdown of glucose

104
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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