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Bio 101 > Unit 3 Slides > Flashcards

Unit 3 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in

A

Plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotes

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2
Q

Primary Productivity

A

Ability of the environment to generate bio mass

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3
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms

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4
Q

Photosynthesis equation (other way around is cellular respiration)

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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5
Q

Chloroplasts split…

A

H2O into hydrogen and oxygen

Incorporating the electrons of hydrogen -> sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product

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6
Q

Photosynthesis reverses the direction of…

A

Electron flow compared to respiration

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7
Q

Photosynthesis is what type of reaction

A

Redox reaction

H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

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8
Q

Photosynthesis is what type of process

A

Endergonic process

The energy boost is provided by the light

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9
Q

Photosynthesis consists of

A

The light reactions and Calvin Cycle

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10
Q

The light reactions (in the thylakoids)

A

Somit H2O
Release O2
Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Generate ATP from ADP by phosphorylation

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11
Q

The Calvin cycle forms… (in the stroma)

A

Sugar from CO2

Using ATP and NADPH

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12
Q

Calvin cycle begins with

A

Carbon fixation

Incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

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13
Q

Chloroplasts thylakoids transform ___ into ___ of ___ and ____

A

Light energy into chemical energy

ATP and NADPH

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14
Q

Light is a form of what type of energy

A

Electromagnetic energy

Also called as electromagnetic radiation

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15
Q

Like other electromagnetic energy, light travels in

A

Rhythmic waves

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16
Q

Wavelength determines the type of…

A

Electromagnetic energy

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17
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Is the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

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18
Q

Visible Light

A

Consists of wavelengths that produce colors we can see

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19
Q

Pigments are substances that

A

Absorb visible light

Different pigments absorb different wavelengths

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20
Q

Wavelengths that are not absorbed are

A

Reflected or transmitted

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21
Q

Leaves appear green because chlorophyll…

A

Reflects bad transmits green light

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22
Q

The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll suggests that

A

Violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis

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23
Q

Chlorophyll a is the ___ ___ pigment

A

Main photosynthetic

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24
Q

When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a

A

Ground state to an excited state

Which is unstable

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25
When excited electrons fall back to the ground state
Photons are given off An afterglow called fluorescence
26
If chlorophyll is illuminated
The isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce Giving off light and heat
27
Green reflects…
Red
28
The light-harvesting complexes transfer…
The energy of photons to the reaction center
29
Photosystem I is the best at
absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm
30
So;par powered transfer of an electron from chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron accept ion
Is the first step of light reactions
31
The reaction center chlorophyll a of PS II is called
P680
32
The reaction center chlorophyll a of PS I is called
P700
33
Linear electron flow
The primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NAHPH using light energy
34
During light reactions, there are two possible routes for electron flow:
Cyclic and linear
35
A photon hits a pigment and its energy is pass amount pigment molecules until it excites
P680
36
An excited electrons for P680 is transferred to
the primary electron acceptor We now call it P680+
37
P680+ is a very strong
Oxidizing agents
38
H20 is split by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the
hydrogen atoms to P680+, thus reducing it to P680
39
O2 is released as a
by-product of this reaction
40
Each electron “falls” down an electron transport chain from the
Primary electron acceptor of PS II to PS I
41
Energy released by the
Fall drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane
42
Diffusion of H+ protons across the membrane drives
ATP synthesis
43
Structure and function of the mito
Outer membrane – the outer membrane contains transport proteins that enable the shuttling of pyruvate from the cytosol. Inner membrane – contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase (used for oxidative phosphorylation) Crista - is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, providing a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur on. Increase surface area - more electron transport chains for more efficiency
44
In PS I, transferred light energy excites P700, which
Loses an electron to an electron acceptor
45
P700+ (that is missing an electron) accepts an
electron passed down from PS II via the electron transport chain
46
Why focus on 2 different wavelengths of light
Not having to compete or share energy Efficiency
47
Each electron “falls” down an electron transport chain from the
Primary electron acceptor of PS I to the protein ferredoxin (fed)
48
the electrons are transferred to
NADP+ and reduced it to NAHPH
49
The electrons of NADPH are available for the reactions of the
Calvin cycle
50
This process also removes an H+ from
The stroma
51
Cyclic electron flow does not release
Oxygen
52
Cyclic electron flow generates surplus ATP
satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle
53
Some organisms such as purple sulfur bacteria have PS I but not
PS II
54
Cyclic electron flow is thought to have
evolved before linear electron flow
55
Cyclic electron flow may protect
Cells from light-induced damage
56
The Calvin cycle, like the citric acid cycle, regenerates its stating material after
Molecules enter and leave the cycle
57
The cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH
58
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named
59
For the net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place ___ times,
Three Fixing 3 molecules of CO2
60
The Calvin cycle has three phases
Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco) Reduction Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
61
Why do we use phosphates
Energy storage and transfer To destabilize bonds. Add more energy. Disrupt the covalent bonds. Restructure
62
What do we use DNA for?
For genetic material and hereditary
63
Anti parallel
DNA going in different directions In order to keep the code in the right direction
64
Why do we need to replicate our DNA?
Reproduction, cell division, growth, repair, life
65
Since the two strand of DNA are complementary, each strand acts as a
Template for building a new strand in replication
66
In DNA replication, the parent molecule unwinds, and two new daughter stands are built based on
Base-pairing rules
67
Copying DNA occurs
All day every day, high speed and accuracy
68
Nucleolus
DNA for making ribosomes Ribs do: make proteins
69
More than a dozen enzymes and other proteins participate in
DNA replication
70
Replication begins at
origins of replication
71
Replication proceeds in both directions from each origin, until
The entire molecule is copied
72
At the end of each replication bubble is a
Replication fork
73
Helicase
Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
74
Single-strand binding protein
Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template
75
Topoisomerase
Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
76
Primase function
Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end
77
Primase def
5-10 nucleotides long, and the 3’ end serves as the starting point for the new DNA strand
78
DNA polymerases
500-1000 nucleotides per sec in bacteria 50 per sec in human cells
79
DNA pol III
Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand
80
DNA pol I
Removed RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides
81
DNA ligase
Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand; on leading strand, joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA
82
Lagging strand
DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork
83
The lagging strand is synthesizes as a series of fragments called
Okazaki fragments
84
Okazaki fragments
Are joined together by DNA ligase
85
The proteins that participate in DNA replication from a
Large complex, a “DNA replication machine”
86
The DNA replication machine may be stationary during the
Replication process
87
Recent studies support a model in which DNA polymerase molecules
“reel in” parental DNA and “extrude” newly made daughter DNA molecules
88
A T T G A C G G T A C C T A T A
T A A C T G C C A T G G A T A T
89
Polymerase III, fill in the missing complimentary strand and direction: 5’ - T G G C T A A C G A T T G C - 3’
3’ - A C C G A T T G C T A A C G - 5’ <— polymerase III
90
Nonsense mutation
Causes a protein to terminate or end its translation earlier than expected
91
Missense mutation
A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alter the genetic cods in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual amino acid
92
Frameshift mutation
Insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in a DNA sequence that shifts the way its read. Complete movement That shifts the multiples of three. regular: cell are read in groups of 3 bases (condones) when making a protein.
93
RNA: Sugar ribose
Instead of deoxyribose
94
RNA: Single-stranded
Instead of double stranded
95
RNA: Contains uracil
In place of thymine
96
RNA contains
Adenine Cytosine Guanine Uracil (not thymine)
97
Comparison of DNA and RNA
Sugar: DNA Rna Continue….
98
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries copies of instructions, for the assembly of amino acids into proteins, from DNA to the ribosome (serve as “messenger”) Made in the nucleus
99
Three main types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
100
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes up the major part of ribosomes, which is where proteins are made Made in the nucleolus 1 ribosome = 4 molecules of rRNA and 82 proteins
101
Why do we look at sequences of RNA Why compared?
What if there is a mutation in the ribosomes: not going to do a good job making DNA RNA are very consistent Any variation are going to be subtle and very impactful on survival Any difference we can map of evolutionary of time
102
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfer (carries) amino acids to ribosomes as specified by codons in the mRNA
103
TRNA have a order and a sequence also read in
3’ to 5’ 5’ to 3’

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