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Bio 101 > Unit 2 Quiz/HW > Flashcards

Unit 2 Quiz/HW Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses are no living particles with a genome made of a DNA or ___, surrounded by a shell (capsid) made of ___

A

RNA and protein

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2
Q

Viruses are unable to reproduce without which of the following?

A

A host cell

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3
Q

Most viruses have a capsid that is ___ or ___ in terms of its basic structure and symmetry

A

Icosahedral and helical

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4
Q

Viral genomes may be composed of ___ or ___ and may be ___-strangded or ___-stranded

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Single and double

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5
Q

What describes a virus

A

A small biological particle comprised of Nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat

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6
Q

How do viruses replicate

A

Host cells transcriptions and translation systems are used to replicate the genome and create capsize proteins

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7
Q

What of the following are reasons why classifying viruses by the disease they cause can be impractical?

A

Some viruses do not appear to cause any disease
Some viruses can cause different diseases in different contexts
The same disease can be caused by many different viruses

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8
Q

In the Baltimore classification of viruses, there are ___ groups of viruses and every known virus can be placed in only one such group bases on the way it ___ its genome.

A

7 and replicates

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9
Q

In order to study viruses in the environment, scientists isolate nucleic acids from an environmental sample, sequence them, and use computers to assemble genomes and compare them to known sequences in databases. This approach is known as

A

Metagenomics

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10
Q

Why is it difficult to classify influenza viruses based on their host?

A

Because there are 4 types of influenza that can infect many different (humans, birds, pigs, dogs, cats)

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11
Q

Bacteria-infecting viruses are also known as

A

Bacteriophage

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12
Q

The classification of viruses based on genome replication is known as the ___ classification after the scientist that first proposed it.

A

Baltimore

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13
Q

Rank the following cells and particles in order according to size, with the smallest at the top and largest at the bottom.

A

Protein
T2 bacteriophage
Influenza virus
E. Coli bacterium
Eukaryotic cell

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14
Q

What is a characteristic of the lyric cycle

A

A large number of phages is released at a time

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15
Q

Viruses that contain ___ as their genetic material are often assigned to species group; the same is not true of viruses with ___ as their genetic material

A

DNA and RNA

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16
Q

___ involves isolating DNA from an environmental sample, sequencing it, and compared it to known sequences in DNA databases

A

Metagenomics

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17
Q

What viruses uses the cellular machinery of a bacteria for its own replication

A

Bacteriophage

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18
Q

___ is a condition characterized by viruses freely circulating in the blood or lymph

A

Viermia

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19
Q

Regarding bacteriophage, during which type of cycle does the phage enter a latent phase, allowing it to be replicated with the host cell?

A

Lysogenic

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20
Q

What are the conventional systematic groups that are also used to classify viruses

A

Family, genus, and order

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21
Q

What are the two main ways in which a virus can spread to infect secondary sites in the human body?

A

In blood or lymph
Via neurological tissue

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22
Q

Compared to archaea viruses, bacteriophages are

A

Less diverse in their morphologies

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23
Q

Bacteriophage exhibit two reproductive cycles: the __ cycle, in which the latent phage is replicated with the host cell, and the ___ cycle, in which phage undergo replication within the host cell, eventually causing it to rupture.

A

Lysogenic
Lytic

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24
Q

A ___ viral infection involves the rapid replication of the virus, often at the site of infection, which leads to sudden symptom onset

A

Acute

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25
Q

Bacteriophage contribute DNA to their hosts during the ___ cycle, which may allow phage genes to be expressed with those of the host.

A

Lysogentic

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26
Q

In ___ viral infections, a virus or its genomes can be found in the host for long periods of time: years, decades, and sometimes for the rest of the hosts life

A

Persistent

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27
Q

What is true regarding Archean viruses and bacteriophages

A

Both can have double-stranded DNA as their genome

Archaea viruses are more diverse in their morphologies than bacteriophages

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28
Q

What is the effect of the initial acute disease episode after infection with an HSV-1 or HSV-2

A

Formation of painful blisters at the site of infection

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29
Q

An ___ disease is a disease that appears in the population for the first time, or that spreads to a new geographical area

A

Emerging

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of acute viral infections

A

They result in the sudden symptom onset
They involve rapid viral replication
They often (no always) establish at the site of infection

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31
Q

The disease that causes the development of numerous small cavities in the brain of infected individuals due to death of neurons, producing a spongy appearance, is called

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

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32
Q

The 3 types of persistent human viral infections based on the amount of virus present and when it is produced

A

Chronic
Slow
Latent

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33
Q

Infectious proteins that can cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are called ___

A

Prions

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34
Q

After the initial acute disease (painful blisters) subsides due to an immune response, where can HSV-1 and HSV-2 be found?

A

In the nuclei of sensory neurons that innervate the site of infection

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35
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies cause

A

The development of numerous small cavities in the brain as neurons die

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36
Q

After the immune system can no longer control HIV, it starts killing cells expressing the CD4 antigen. Of those cells, the most important types are the ___ cells which coordinate the immune response, and the ___ which engulf pathogenic bacteria

A

T-helper and macrophages

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37
Q

A disease that was prominent in the past, and whose incidence suddenly increases after a period of low incidence, is called a

A

Re-emerging

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38
Q

Which infectious agents are composed solely of RNA

A

Viroids

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39
Q

Cells continually exchange materials and information with their environment. This exchange is crucial

A

For all the processes occurring in a cell

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40
Q

The lipid bilayer that forms the core of all cell membranes is composed primarily of

A

Phospholipids

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41
Q

Which of the following is not one of the four main components of all plasma membranes?

A

Extracellular matrix

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42
Q

What type of microscope can be used to see the two phospholipid layers in a plasma membrane?

A

Electron

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43
Q

Although a eukaryotic cell membrane can contain many different lipids, they can be classified in three groups: glycerol phospholipids, ___, and ___. When answering the question think about the lipids found in membranes, not about all
the lipids that an organism makes!

A

Sphingolipids and sterols

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44
Q

In order to survive, grow, and reproduce, a cell must

A

Exchange materials and info with its environment

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45
Q

What makes up the bilayer of every cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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46
Q

When phospholipids are placed in water, they spontaneously form a bilayer with which of the following?

A

The polar heads on the surface and the non polar tails in the interior

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47
Q

What are the four main components of all eukaryotic membranes.

A

Interior protein network
Cell surface makers
Transmembrane proteins
Lipid bilayer

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48
Q

What is true about cell membranes

A

The degree of membrane fluidity caries depending on the composition of the membrane

Individual lipids and unanchored proteins are relatively free to move around laterally within the lipid bilayer

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49
Q

The lack of double bonds in saturated fats allow them to pack together tightly, and therefore the membrane is ___ fluid. The
presence of double bonds in unsaturated fats prevent them from packing together tightly, and therefore the membrane is ___

A

Less and more

50
Q

three groups of lipids found in eukaryotic cells.

A

Sphingolipids
Glycerol phospholipids
Sterols

51
Q

The ER membrane is typically more fluid than the plasma membrane and it contains more curvature. Why?

A

The ER membrane contains mainly unsaturated phospholipids

52
Q

Cells continually exchange materials and information with their environment. This exchange is crucial ___

A

For all the process occurring in a cell

53
Q

What ar all functions typically carried out by membrane proteins.

A

Connect adjacent cells and hold them together
Receive external chemical messages
Attach the membrane to the cytoskeleton

54
Q

When phospholipids are placed in water, they spontaneously form which of the following?

A

A bilayer

55
Q

What statement is true of transmembrane domains.

A

Transmembrane domains are composed of hydrophobic amino acids

56
Q

What are accurate statements concerning membrane fluidity.

A

Phospholipids are relatively free to move around laterally within the membrane.
Unanchored proteins are relatively free to move around laterally within the membrane.
The degree of membrane fluidity varies depending on the composition of the membrane.

57
Q

What describes passive transport?

A

It does not require an expenditure of energy but the cell itself

58
Q

How does lipid composition affect membrane fluidity?

A

Sterols, such as cholesterol, can either increase or decrease membrane fluidity depending on temperature

Saturated fatty acids tend to make the membrane less fluid because they pack together well.

59
Q

Compared to the ER membrane, the plasma membrane contains more

A

cholesterol
sphingomyelin
phosphatidylcholine

60
Q

Due to the constant random motion of its atoms and molecules, a substance will exhibit net movement from a region where it has a higher concentration to a region where it has a lower concentration. This net movement is called

A

Diffusion

61
Q

What are key functions carried out by membrane proteins?

A

Receive external chemical messages
Catalyze specific chemical reactions on the surface of the membrane
Transport specific ions and molecules across the membrane
Function as cell-surface identity markers

62
Q

Each membrane-spanning region of a transmembrane protein is called a transmembrane

A

Domain

63
Q

Transport that occurs without a cell expending any of its own energy is called ___ transport

A

Passive

64
Q

The plasma membrane can best be described as which of the following?

A

Selective permeable

65
Q

The most abundant molecule in the cytoplasm is the ___ molecule

A

Water

66
Q

While ___ transport requires the cell to expend some of its own energy, ___ transport does not

A

Active and passive

67
Q

Carrier proteins that transport 2 different types of molecules or ions may be either ___ or anti porters

A

Symporters

68
Q

Which is true of the plasma membrane?

A

It is fluid
It is selectively permeable

69
Q

Which are required for the sodium potassium pump in cells to work?

A

Carrier proteins
ATP

70
Q

The cytoplasm contains ions and molecules dissolved in ___

A

Water

71
Q

Which type of transport proteins use energy from ATP indirectly?

A

Coupled transport proteins

72
Q

Based on the direction of movement, bulk transport can be divided into two main categories: ___ and ___

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

73
Q

Which type of transport proteins use energy from ATP directly?

A

Protein pumps

74
Q

What are the three main types of endocytosis?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis

75
Q

The two main categories of ___ ___ are endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Bulk and transport

76
Q

The fusion of a secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane in order to discharge the contents of the vesicle is called

A

Exocytosis

77
Q

Transport that requires a cell to expend some of its own energy, typically from ___, is called ___ transport

A

ATP and active

78
Q

Phagocytosis is one of the mechanisms of what

A

Endocytosis

79
Q

The reverse of endocytosis is ___

A

Exocytosis

80
Q

Which of the following is the branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes?

A

Thermodynamics

81
Q

The energy that flows through most biological systems on Earth ultimately comes from which
source?

A

The sun

82
Q

___ stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule can be used to make new bonds in a different molecule.

A

Potential energy/free energy

83
Q

All activities of living organisms involve changes in ___ which is the ability to do work

A

Energy

84
Q

True or false: Thermodynamics is the study of energy changes in the Universe.

A

True

85
Q

The energy available to do work in a system is called ___ energy

A

Free

86
Q

The process of influencing chemical bonds to lower the activation energy of a reaction is called ___

A

Catalysis

87
Q

All living things require which of the following, in order to carry out chemical reactions and thereby survive?

A

Energy

88
Q

What molecule is a common energy source for living organisms?

A

ATP

89
Q

Hydrolysis of which covalent bonds in ATP releases a considerable amount of energy?

A

Phosphate-phosphate bond

90
Q

All cells use a molecule called ___ to carry and release energy cyclically

A

ATP

91
Q

steps in the ATP cycle

A

Synthesis of ATP using energy released from exergonic reactions
Hydrolysis of ATP to release energy that can be used to drive endergonic reactions

92
Q

Name the type of energy that is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds.

A

Chemical

93
Q

Is any energy released during ATP hydrolysis and if so, how much?

A

Yes, a considerable amount of energy is released

94
Q

___ are proteins or RNA molecules that act as catalysts to speed up reactions in living organisms

A

Enzymes

95
Q

Calls use ___ hydrolysis to drive endergonic reactions.

A

ATP

96
Q

What is a true statement about enzymes.

A

They lower the activation energy of a reaction by binding to the substrates.

97
Q

The two main steps in the ATP cycle are the synthesis of ATP from ___ and Pi, and the subsequent hydrolysis of ATP, which releases ___ that drives Endergebnis reactions

A

ADP and energy

98
Q

True or false: All of the enzymes that a cell has are found in the cells’ cytoplasm.

A

False

99
Q

Certain reactions in cells are endergonic. How do cells make those reactions proceed?

A

They couple them with ATP hydrolysis

100
Q

True or false: Substances can bind to an enzyme and change its shape, affecting its activity.

A

True

101
Q

___, or reactants, are molecules that bind to an enzyme at the active site and are converted to products in chemical reactions.

A

Substrates

102
Q

What are true statements that accurately describe cellular enzymes.

A

Different enzymes can come together to form complexes.

Some cellular enzymes are found inside of cellular organelles.

Not all cellular enzymes are located in the cytoplasm

103
Q

What is included in metabolism?

A

Both the synthesis and breakdown of organic molecules

104
Q

What is true about the regulation of enzyme activity in cells?

A

Calls can regulate the activity of enzymes by inhibiting or activating them

105
Q

True or false: Biochemical pathways evolved quickly over time.

A

False

106
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A reactant molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme

107
Q

True or false: Each step of a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

A

True

108
Q

During each step of the metabolic pathway that adds phosphate groups to various sugars, a separate ___ is needed to catalyze the reaction

A

Enzyme/protein

109
Q

why are metabolic pathways are regulated.

A

Requlation allows cells to operate efficiently.

By regulating metabolic pathways, cells waste less energy.

By regulating metabolic pathways, cells conserve raw materials.

110
Q

T or F: When ATP is used in a reaction, the last phosphate is transferred to the substrate.

A

True

111
Q

T or F: Release of the last phosphate from ATP is endergonic.

A

False

112
Q

T or F: Once phosphates are released from ATP they can be added back in an endergonic reaction.

A

True

113
Q

T or F: The creatine-Phosphate to creatine reaction has a AG of -11kcal/mole and thus can be used to generate ATP from ADP.

A

True

114
Q

T or F: When ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP, the energy is released into the cytoplasm where enzymes use it to run endergonic reactions.

A

False

115
Q

Anabolic reactions ___ NADH and ATP

A

Consume

116
Q

Catabolic reactions ___ NADH and ATP

A

Produce

117
Q

Molecules are broken down in ___ reactions

A

Catabolic

118
Q

Molecules are synthesized in ___ reactions

A

Anabolic

119
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

One enzyme activates another enzyme, which activates another enzyme

A 6-carbon molecule is converted into a 5-carbon molecule, which is converted into a 4-carbon molecule

120
Q

Not a metabolic pathway

A

A collection of unrelated enzymes at the plasma

Enzyme Q breaks down substrate A into products X, Y, and Z

Enzyme P can have two possible substrates, R and S

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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