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Bio 101 > Unit 3 SB > Flashcards

Unit 3 SB Flashcards

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1
Q

The energy used by most living cells comes ultimately from the ___ and is captured through the process of ___

A

Sun
Photosynthesis

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2
Q

The internal membrane of the chloroplast is also known as ___

A

Thylakoid membrane

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3
Q

Jan Baptista ___ ___ performed an experiment for which he grew a willow tree in a pot for several years, during which time he kept an exact record of changes in the weight of the soil.

A

Van Helmont

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4
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living cell on earth

A

The sun

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5
Q

The stacks in the chloroplast are called

A

Grana

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6
Q

Van Niel introduced the term ___ ___ to denote the process and protons resulting from the splitting of water

A

Carbon fixation

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7
Q

the generalized equation for photosynthesis proposed by van niel, CO2 + 2H2A + Light energy yields =

A

CH2O + H2O + 2A

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8
Q

A leaf that appears to be green to the human eye contains pigment molecules that are ___

A

Reflecting green light

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9
Q

What best describes the properties of light

A

Light has properties of both a particle and a wave

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10
Q

The two most important classes of pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophylls and ___

A

Carotenoids

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11
Q

In van niels generalized equation of photosynthesis, which of the following is the donor of electrons

A

H2A

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12
Q

The production of one molecule of ___ from water during photosynthesis requires several thousand chlorophyll molecules

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

In all photosynthetic organisms studied to date, except one class of photosynthetic bacteria, light is captured by clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules, which together are called

A

Photosystems

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14
Q

The light- ___ reactions of photosynthesis occur on membranes

A

Dependent

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15
Q

Anoxygenic bacteria have how many photosystems

A

One

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16
Q

How many different types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts

A

Two

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17
Q

The production of one molecule of O2 during photosynthesis requires how many chlorophyll molecules

A

Thousands

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18
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast

A

The thylakoid membrane

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19
Q

The electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem II is used to generate ___ , while the electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem I is used to generate ___

A

ATP and NADPH

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20
Q

What organisms have only one photosystem

A

Anoxygenic bacteria

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21
Q

How many types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts?

A

2

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22
Q

Photophosphorylation produces ___, which stores chemical energy that can be used for the Calvin cycle, carbon fixation also requires reducing power, which is provided by ___ produced by photosystem I

A

ATP
NADPH

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23
Q

In all photosynthetic organisms studied to date, except one class of photosynthetic bacteria, light is captured by clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules, which together are called…

A

Photosystems

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24
Q

Which photosystem’s main function is to generate high-energy electrons for the synthesis of ATP?

A

Photosystem II

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25
Q

The Calvin cycle is also known as ___ photosynthesis because the first intermediate of the cycle contains three carbon atoms

A

C3

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26
Q

The ATP synthases of chloroplasts and mitochondria are ___

A

Evolutionary related

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27
Q

Where are PSII and the B6-f complexes located?

A

In the grana and in borders between the grana and the stoma lamellae

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28
Q

The ATP needed in the Calvin cycle comes from ___

A

Both cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation

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29
Q

Almost all photosynthetic organisms capture light using

A

Photosystems

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30
Q

Typically, it is considered that the net gain of the Calvin cycle is (are) ___ molecules of G3P

A

2

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31
Q

T or F: mechanism of ATP
synthesis in the ATP synthase of
chloroplasts is fundamentally different from
the one used in the ATP synthase of
mitochondria.

A

False

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32
Q

The enzyme rubisco has more than one activity. Because of this, most plants, also perform ___, which consumes oxygen and liberates carbon dioxide. This process can lower the net benefit from photosynthesis

A

Photorespiration

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33
Q

Recent studies with the atomic force
microscope have shown that PSI and the
ATP synthase are not randomly distributed
in thylakoid membranes, rather, they seem
concentrated ＿＿＿

A

Primarily in the connections between grana (the stroma lamellae)

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34
Q

A c3 plants

A

Can only fix carbon using the Calvin cycle

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35
Q

The C4 pathway has a cost to plants, because the conversion of ___ to PEP requires the expenditure of ATP

A

Pyruvate

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36
Q

What is the net gain of the Calvin cycle

A

Two molecules of G3P

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37
Q

Plants that use ___ photosynthesis avoid water loss by closing their stomata during the day and opening them at night

A

CAM

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38
Q

What molecule is released during photorespiration

A

Carbon dioxide

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39
Q

Plants that only fix carbon using the Calvin cycle are also known as ___ plants

A

C3

40
Q

Compared to the C3 pathway, the C4 pathway has an additional cost to a plant, because ___

A

ATP is required to convert pyruvate to PEP

41
Q

How do CAM plants avoid water loss

A

CAM plants close their stomata during the day and open them at night

42
Q

In which of the following chromosomal entities are an individuals traits specified

A

Genes

43
Q

Griffith performed experiments, which demonstrated

A

Transformation in bacteria

44
Q

characteristics of the transforming substance isolated by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.

A

RNA-digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability
The elemental composition of the substance was very Silikat to that of DNA
DNA-digesting enzymes destroyed its transforming ability protein-digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability

45
Q

The experiments with radioactively labeled phage that showed that DNA was the genetic material were preformed by

A

Hershey and chase

46
Q

Components of a nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous base
Sugar
Phosphate group

47
Q

Genes, which contain trait specifying info, are located on ___

A

Chromosomes

48
Q

Franklin determined that the structure of DNA was helical based on ___

A

X-ray diffraction analysis

49
Q

Griffith’s experiments were important because they showed ____

A

That the genetic material could be passed from on cell to another

50
Q

Which enzymes did Avery, Macleod, and McCarty use in oder to identify the genetic material

A

Protein, DNA, and RNA digesting enzymes

51
Q

The results of the Hershey and Chase experiments suggested that DNA was the genetic material because ___

A

Radioactive bacteriophage DNA was found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

52
Q

The DNA backbone is composed of

A

Phosphate groups
Sugars

53
Q

Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous ___

A

Base

54
Q

DNA replication that leads to the production of double helices with one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand is consistent with ___

A

Semiconservative replication

55
Q

Franklin used x-ray ___ to suggest that DNA has a helical structure

A

Diffraction

56
Q

Which 3 items are required for DNA replication

A

Template
Nucleotides
Polymerase enzyme

57
Q

Griffith performed experiments, which demonstrated

A

Transformation in bacteria

58
Q

Bacterial DNA is typically replicated as

A

A single replicon

59
Q

Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA stand make up the ___

A

Phosphodiester backbone

60
Q

During semiconservative DNA replication

A

One of the strands in each now double helix comes from the original molecule, and one is newly synthesized

61
Q

What does not require DNA for replication

A

NADPH

62
Q

An ___ cuts DNA internally and an ___ cuts at the ends of DNA

A

Endonuclease
Exonuclease

63
Q

The CNA controlled by an origin is called a ___

A

Replicon

64
Q

In their experiments, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty isolated a substance, which had a transforming activity. Which of the following destroyed that substance’s ability to transform bacterial cells?

A

DNA-digesting enzymes

65
Q

When the double stranded DNA helix is unwound, two single strands of DNA are formed. These strands have to be stabilized because their hydrophobic bases are exposed to water. The proteins that stabilize the two single strands are called

A

Single-strand binding proteins

66
Q

DNAs phosphodiester ___ is composed of alternating sugars and phosphates

A

Backbone

67
Q

Leading strand

A

Synthesized continuously

68
Q

Lagging strand

A

Synthesized in smaller fragments that are later connected

69
Q

E. coli polymerases I, II, and III have 3’ to 5’ ___ activity, which provides them with a proofreading function, i.e. they can remove a mispaired base.

A

Axonuclease

70
Q

Bacterial replication begins at ( E Coli.)

A

A single origin

71
Q

Helicase

A

Uses ATP to Unwind the double helix (DNA)

72
Q

Primase

A

Synthesizes RNA primers

73
Q

Single strand binding protein

A

Stabilizes single stranded regions

74
Q

DNA gyrase

A

Relieves torque

75
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Synthesizes DNA

76
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Erases primer and fills gaps

77
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins the end of DNA segments: DNA repair

78
Q

During DNA replication, the ___ strand is synthesized continuously while the ___ strand is synthesized as small fragments that are connected to each other to form a continuous strand

A

Leading strand
Lagging strand

79
Q

In the replisome, the ____ is composed of primase, helicase, and accessory proteins that prime the lagging strand

A

Primosome

80
Q

DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is complicated by the fact that eukaryotic calls have ___

A

Linear chromosomes

81
Q

Why do eukaryotic cells have multiple origins of replication

A

To ensure timely replication of multiple, relatively large chromosomes

82
Q

The DNA backbone is composed of

A

Sugars
Phosphate groups

83
Q

What is the name of the subunit that acts as the sliding clamp which keeps the replicating enzyme complex attached to the template in eukaryotic cells?

A

PCNA

84
Q

The enzymes in the replisome are active on __

A

Both the leading and the lagging strand

85
Q

Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication are found at the replication fork in all three types of cells (bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic)?

A

Helicase
Sliding clamp
Clamp loader
Polymerases
Primase

86
Q

List several differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication.

A

Number of origins of replication
Complexity of enzymology
Structure of chromosome (linear vs circular)

87
Q

Short, repeated sequences of DNA are characteristic of

A

Telomeres

88
Q

Primase makes

A

A 10-12 Bo complementary primer to the DNA

89
Q

Polymerase attaches

A

A nucleotide to the 3’ end of the DNA strand

90
Q

Agents that cause mutation are known as

A

Mutagens

91
Q

Which types of cells have more than one origin of replication?

A

Eukaryotes

92
Q

___ repair is responsible for removing bases that were incorrectly incorporated into DNA during replication.

A

Mismatch

93
Q

The two main eukaryotic DNA polymerases that extend DNA are ___

A

Epsilon
Delta

94
Q

Based on replication proteins, DNA replication in archaea is most similar to that of ___

A

Eukaryotes

95
Q

Radiation, UV light, x-rays, and chemicals in the environment can cause mutations in DNA and are therefore referred to as

A

Mutagen

96
Q

What type of repair mechanism is responsible for removing bases that were incorrectly inserted into DNA during replication?

A

Mismatch repair

97
Q

Which type of primase is a combination of RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase that makes short RNA primers and then extends them with DNA to produce the final primer?

A

Eukaryotic

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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