Unit 3 SB Flashcards by Kaitlyn Jasper

The energy used by most living cells comes ultimately from the ___ and is captured through the process of ___

Sun
Photosynthesis

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The internal membrane of the chloroplast is also known as ___

Thylakoid membrane

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Jan Baptista ___ ___ performed an experiment for which he grew a willow tree in a pot for several years, during which time he kept an exact record of changes in the weight of the soil.

Van Helmont

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What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living cell on earth

The sun

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The stacks in the chloroplast are called

Grana

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Van Niel introduced the term ___ ___ to denote the process and protons resulting from the splitting of water

Carbon fixation

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the generalized equation for photosynthesis proposed by van niel, CO2 + 2H2A + Light energy yields =

CH2O + H2O + 2A

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A leaf that appears to be green to the human eye contains pigment molecules that are ___

Reflecting green light

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What best describes the properties of light

Light has properties of both a particle and a wave

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The two most important classes of pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophylls and ___

Carotenoids

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In van niels generalized equation of photosynthesis, which of the following is the donor of electrons

H2A

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The production of one molecule of ___ from water during photosynthesis requires several thousand chlorophyll molecules

Oxygen

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In all photosynthetic organisms studied to date, except one class of photosynthetic bacteria, light is captured by clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules, which together are called

Photosystems

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The light- ___ reactions of photosynthesis occur on membranes

Dependent

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Anoxygenic bacteria have how many photosystems

One

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How many different types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts

Two

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The production of one molecule of O2 during photosynthesis requires how many chlorophyll molecules

Thousands

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Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast

The thylakoid membrane

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The electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem II is used to generate ___ , while the electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem I is used to generate ___

ATP and NADPH

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What organisms have only one photosystem

Anoxygenic bacteria

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How many types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts?

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Photophosphorylation produces ___, which stores chemical energy that can be used for the Calvin cycle, carbon fixation also requires reducing power, which is provided by ___ produced by photosystem I

ATP
NADPH

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In all photosynthetic organisms studied to date, except one class of photosynthetic bacteria, light is captured by clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules, which together are called…

Photosystems

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Which photosystem’s main function is to generate high-energy electrons for the synthesis of ATP?

Photosystem II

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The Calvin cycle is also known as ___ photosynthesis because the first intermediate of the cycle contains three carbon atoms

The ATP synthases of chloroplasts and mitochondria are ___

Evolutionary related

Where are PSII and the B6-f complexes located?

In the grana and in borders between the grana and the stoma lamellae

The ATP needed in the Calvin cycle comes from ___

Both cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation

Almost all photosynthetic organisms capture light using

Photosystems

Typically, it is considered that the net gain of the Calvin cycle is (are) ___ molecules of G3P

T or F: mechanism of ATP synthesis in the ATP synthase of chloroplasts is fundamentally different from the one used in the ATP synthase of mitochondria.

False

The enzyme rubisco has more than one activity. Because of this, most plants, also perform ___, which consumes oxygen and liberates carbon dioxide. This process can lower the net benefit from photosynthesis

Photorespiration

Recent studies with the atomic force microscope have shown that PSI and the ATP synthase are not randomly distributed in thylakoid membranes, rather, they seem concentrated ＿＿＿

Primarily in the connections between grana (the stroma lamellae)

A c3 plants

Can only fix carbon using the Calvin cycle

The C4 pathway has a cost to plants, because the conversion of ___ to PEP requires the expenditure of ATP

Pyruvate

What is the net gain of the Calvin cycle

Two molecules of G3P

Plants that use ___ photosynthesis avoid water loss by closing their stomata during the day and opening them at night

CAM

What molecule is released during photorespiration

Carbon dioxide

Plants that only fix carbon using the Calvin cycle are also known as ___ plants

Compared to the C3 pathway, the C4 pathway has an additional cost to a plant, because ___

ATP is required to convert pyruvate to PEP

How do CAM plants avoid water loss

CAM plants close their stomata during the day and open them at night

In which of the following chromosomal entities are an individuals traits specified

Genes

Griffith performed experiments, which demonstrated

Transformation in bacteria

characteristics of the transforming substance isolated by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.

RNA-digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability The elemental composition of the substance was very Silikat to that of DNA DNA-digesting enzymes destroyed its transforming ability protein-digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability

The experiments with radioactively labeled phage that showed that DNA was the genetic material were preformed by

Hershey and chase

Components of a nucleotide

Nitrogenous base Sugar Phosphate group

Genes, which contain trait specifying info, are located on ___

Chromosomes

Franklin determined that the structure of DNA was helical based on ___

X-ray diffraction analysis

Griffith's experiments were important because they showed ____

That the genetic material could be passed from on cell to another

Which enzymes did Avery, Macleod, and McCarty use in oder to identify the genetic material

Protein, DNA, and RNA digesting enzymes

The results of the Hershey and Chase experiments suggested that DNA was the genetic material because ___

Radioactive bacteriophage DNA was found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

The DNA backbone is composed of

Phosphate groups Sugars

Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous ___

Base

DNA replication that leads to the production of double helices with one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand is consistent with ___

Semiconservative replication

Franklin used x-ray ___ to suggest that DNA has a helical structure

Diffraction

Which 3 items are required for DNA replication

Template Nucleotides Polymerase enzyme

Griffith performed experiments, which demonstrated

Transformation in bacteria

Bacterial DNA is typically replicated as

A single replicon

Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA stand make up the ___

Phosphodiester backbone

During semiconservative DNA replication

One of the strands in each now double helix comes from the original molecule, and one is newly synthesized

What does not require DNA for replication

NADPH

An ___ cuts DNA internally and an ___ cuts at the ends of DNA

Endonuclease Exonuclease

The CNA controlled by an origin is called a ___

Replicon

In their experiments, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty isolated a substance, which had a transforming activity. Which of the following destroyed that substance's ability to transform bacterial cells?

DNA-digesting enzymes

When the double stranded DNA helix is unwound, two single strands of DNA are formed. These strands have to be stabilized because their hydrophobic bases are exposed to water. The proteins that stabilize the two single strands are called

Single-strand binding proteins

DNAs phosphodiester ___ is composed of alternating sugars and phosphates

Backbone

Leading strand

Synthesized continuously

Lagging strand

Synthesized in smaller fragments that are later connected

E. coli polymerases I, II, and III have 3’ to 5’ ___ activity, which provides them with a proofreading function, i.e. they can remove a mispaired base.

Axonuclease

Bacterial replication begins at ( E Coli.)

A single origin

Helicase

Uses ATP to Unwind the double helix (DNA)

Primase

Synthesizes RNA primers

Single strand binding protein

Stabilizes single stranded regions

DNA gyrase

Relieves torque

DNA polymerase III

Synthesizes DNA

DNA polymerase I

Erases primer and fills gaps

DNA ligase

Joins the end of DNA segments: DNA repair

During DNA replication, the ___ strand is synthesized continuously while the ___ strand is synthesized as small fragments that are connected to each other to form a continuous strand

Leading strand Lagging strand

In the replisome, the ____ is composed of primase, helicase, and accessory proteins that prime the lagging strand

Primosome

DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is complicated by the fact that eukaryotic calls have ___

Linear chromosomes

Why do eukaryotic cells have multiple origins of replication

To ensure timely replication of multiple, relatively large chromosomes

The DNA backbone is composed of

Sugars Phosphate groups

What is the name of the subunit that acts as the sliding clamp which keeps the replicating enzyme complex attached to the template in eukaryotic cells?

PCNA

The enzymes in the replisome are active on __

Both the leading and the lagging strand

Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication are found at the replication fork in all three types of cells (bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic)?

Helicase Sliding clamp Clamp loader Polymerases Primase

List several differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication.

Number of origins of replication Complexity of enzymology Structure of chromosome (linear vs circular)

Short, repeated sequences of DNA are characteristic of

Telomeres

Primase makes

A 10-12 Bo complementary primer to the DNA

Polymerase attaches

A nucleotide to the 3’ end of the DNA strand

Agents that cause mutation are known as

Mutagens

Which types of cells have more than one origin of replication?

Eukaryotes

___ repair is responsible for removing bases that were incorrectly incorporated into DNA during replication.

Mismatch

The two main eukaryotic DNA polymerases that extend DNA are ___

Epsilon Delta

Based on replication proteins, DNA replication in archaea is most similar to that of ___

Eukaryotes

Radiation, UV light, x-rays, and chemicals in the environment can cause mutations in DNA and are therefore referred to as

Mutagen

What type of repair mechanism is responsible for removing bases that were incorrectly inserted into DNA during replication?

Mismatch repair

Which type of primase is a combination of RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase that makes short RNA primers and then extends them with DNA to produce the final primer?

Eukaryotic