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Ecosystems and climate change > V8 > Flashcards

V8 Flashcards

1
Q

Radiation balance – diurnal course:

A
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2
Q

Effects of longwave radiation – “beer garden”-microclimate:

A
  • reduction of outgoing longwave radiation by absorption in the canopy
  • back radiation from canopy and stems ⇒ less evening cooling, more comfortable microclimate
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3
Q

Strahlungsbilanz - verschiedene Landnutzungsarten:

A
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4
Q

Energy balance:

A
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5
Q

Energy balance:

A
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6
Q

Energy balance:

A
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7
Q

Energy balance:

A
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8
Q

Albedo:

A
  • RĂĽckstrahlungsvermögen von nicht selbstleuchtenden, diffus reflektierenden Oberflächen (z. B. Schnee, Eis)
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9
Q

Spatial approaches:

A
  • remote sensing
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10
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Carbon flux

A
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11
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Air temperature

A
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12
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Air temperature profiles in plant stands

A
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13
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Air temperature profiles in plant stands

A
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14
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Air temperature

A
  • annual T-amplitude
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15
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Air temperature profiles in plant stands

A
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16
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Air temperature profiles in plant stands

A
17
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Air temperature in plant stands

A
18
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

High-frequence variability

A
19
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Small-scale variability of temperature

A
  • On what factors does horizontal T variability depend (e.g., in a field)?
    • exposition
    • radiation balance
    • plant cover
    • water ⇒ evapotranspiration

variability of ET can reach 20% in a field

20
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Temperature extremes: frost

A
  • Frost: T2m <= 0°C
    • late frost (in spring: damages e.g. in fruit / wine / horticulture)
    • early frost (in autumn: threat to crops, e.g. potatoes, sugar beets)
    • night frost (night radiation, cloudless, wind protected)
  • snow cover often can be good frost protection
21
Q

Climate-vegetation interactions:

Counter measures

A
  • Frost irrigation for crops (especially fruit blossoming) in spring
  • from +0.5°C continuous irrigation ⇒ thin layer of ice (solidification heat): T not significantly below freezing point over a longer period of time.
  • only at rH > 80% and vwind < 2 m/s, otherwise evaporative cooling!
  • no interruption of irrigation until T > 0°C
  • high water input (up to 40000 L h-1 ha-1 water), soaking, leaching
22
Q

Vorhersage von Frost:

A
  • Indikatoren fĂĽr Frost in den nächsten paar Tagen in den kritischen Phasen:
    • wolkenlos
    • Temperaturinversionslagen
    • geringe Windgeschwindigkeiten (< 2 m/s)
    • stabile Hochdrucklage
  • Indikator fĂĽr Spätfrost in der anstehenden Saison: SOI im Herbst immer negativ oder stark fallend
23
Q

Other protective measures:

A
24
Q

Other protective measures:

A
25
Q

KaltlufteinbrĂĽche

(katabatische Fallwinde: zB Mistral, Bora):

A
26
Q

Damage to plants due to temperature variations:

A
  • Frost: volume expansion within the plant cells, rather: desiccation of the cells.
  • Physiological drought and desiccation: in spring still frozen soil, conifers already have strong transpiration
  • Heat: increased water demand due to increased assimilation, thickening of cell sap, desiccation (despite sufficient water supply in soil and air)
  • damage by scorching (especially cereals in the ripening phase): if the T is too high ⇒ sugars are immediately converted into starch ⇒ grains stop growing ⇒ e.g. 3 subsequent days with T > 30°C • average cell death at 50 - 60°C
27
Q

Relative humidity:

A
28
Q

Relative humidity:

A
29
Q

Humidity and CO 2:

A
30
Q

Wind:

A
31
Q

Vertical wind profile:

A
32
Q

Excursus: Nature-based solutions against wind extremes

A
33
Q

Windschutz:

A
34
Q

Wind protection:

A
35
Q

Combined effects of a wind protection by vegetation:

A
36
Q

Nature-based solutions against wind extremes:

A
  • often multiple rows of trees or shrubs perpendicular to the main wind direction
  • range proportional to height
  • dense shelters (walls, rows of houses, forests): strong reduction of wind speed, relatively short range, gustiness
  • mainly coastal areas, lowlands, moors, high plateaus of low mountain ranges (e.g. sensitive vegetable crops in the Rhone Valley / Mistral)

Ecosystems and climate change (12 decks)

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