V2

Question 1

Current state and observed changes in climate:

Answer 1

Question 2

Regionale Unterschiede in der Erwärmung:

Answer 2

Question 3

Observed precipitation changes:

Question 4

Observed changes:

Answer 4

Question 5

Observed changes in extremes:

Question 6

Current state of climate:

Answer 6

• the last five years were the five warmest on record globally and on average over 1.1°C warmer than during pre-industrial times
• 2019 was the second warmest year
• 2010-2019 was the warmest decade
• globally already many extensive impacts of climate change in physical, chemical and biological systems are detectable and verifyable

Question 7

Natural and anthropogenic drivers in the climate system:

Answer 7

• External drivers
  
  • plate tectonics
  • orbital parameters
  • solar activity
  • volcanism
• Internal climate variability
• Anthropogenic drivers
  
  • greenhouse gas emissions
  • land use change

Question 8

Germany under Climate Change:

Answer 8

Question 9

Natural greenhouse effect:

Answer 9

• radiation equilibrium temperature without atmosphere: -18°C
• real average temperature: +15°C
• anthropogenic effect on top

Question 10

Drivers:

Answer 10

Question 11

Development of important GHG:

Answer 11

Question 12

Natural and anthropogenic forcing:

Answer 12

Question 13

It‘s getting hot in here…!

Answer 13

Question 14

does the future look like?

Answer 14

Question 15

Example 1: Ice-albedo-feedback

Answer 15

Question 16

Heat wave 2019:

Answer 16

• Temperature records:
  
  • Germany 42,6°C (2 K above old one)
  • almost everywhere in Europe

Question 17

Excursus: probability density of extremes

Answer 17

Question 18

Example 3:

Correlation between temperature and CO₂

Answer 18

Question 19

Example 2: Biogeochemical feedback mechanisms

Answer 19

Question 20

Feedbacks and timescales:

Answer 20

Question 21

Tipping points, 1.5°C is the right target!

Answer 21

Question 22

Risks and impacts:

Answer 22

Question 23

Important global tipping points in the climate system:

Answer 23

Question 24

Further severe, long-term consequences:

Answer 24

• Loss of biodiversity and mass extinction of species
• Strong increase of extremes
• Sea level rise
• Mass migration
• High adaptation and mitigation costs
• many other ecological, social and economic consequences in all areas of society

Question 25

***How much time do we have left for the 1.5°C target?***

Answer 25

Question 26

***GHG: sources and sinks***

Answer 26

Question 27

***How much time do we have left?***

Answer 27

Question 28

***How much time do we have left?***

Answer 28

Question 29

***Reduction paths from 2020 for 1,5°C target:***

Answer 29

* If we start in 2022, time for transition shorter by 4 years

Question 30

***Reduction pathways 2020 for the 1.5°C target:***

Answer 30

Question 31

***Reduction pathways 2020 for the 1.5°C target:***

Answer 31

Question 32

***Where are we currently?***

Answer 32

Question 33

***Conclusions:***

Answer 33

* The global increase in temperature since the industrialization has passed 1.1°C * To avoid global tipping points and severe consequences in the earth system, 1.5°C increase in temperature should not be surpassed (⇒ Paris Climate Agreement) * To achive this, it takes the quickest possible transformation towards a carbonneutral society globally * Current climate targets all around the world are far from sufficient * Every year delay will cost a large amount of time and money

Question 34

***Cost-benefit of climate mitigation:***

Answer 34

Question 35

***Example: alternatives to fossil fuels*** ***potential of renewable energies***

Answer 35