V2

Question 1

Current state and observed changes in climate:

Answer 1

Question 2

Regionale Unterschiede in der Erwärmung:

Answer 2

Question 3

Observed precipitation changes:

Question 4

Observed changes:

Answer 4

Question 5

Observed changes in extremes:

Question 6

Current state of climate:

Answer 6

• the last five years were the five warmest on record globally and on average over 1.1°C warmer than during pre-industrial times
• 2019 was the second warmest year
• 2010-2019 was the warmest decade
• globally already many extensive impacts of climate change in physical, chemical and biological systems are detectable and verifyable

Question 7

Natural and anthropogenic drivers in the climate system:

Answer 7

• External drivers
  
  • plate tectonics
  • orbital parameters
  • solar activity
  • volcanism
• Internal climate variability
• Anthropogenic drivers
  
  • greenhouse gas emissions
  • land use change

Question 8

Germany under Climate Change:

Answer 8

Question 9

Natural greenhouse effect:

Answer 9

• radiation equilibrium temperature without atmosphere: -18°C
• real average temperature: +15°C
• anthropogenic effect on top

Question 10

Drivers:

Answer 10

Question 11

Development of important GHG:

Answer 11

Question 12

Natural and anthropogenic forcing:

Answer 12

Question 13

It‘s getting hot in here…!

Answer 13

Question 14

does the future look like?

Answer 14

Question 15

Example 1: Ice-albedo-feedback

Answer 15

Question 16

Heat wave 2019:

Answer 16

• Temperature records:
  
  • Germany 42,6°C (2 K above old one)
  • almost everywhere in Europe

Question 17

Excursus: probability density of extremes

Answer 17

Question 18

Example 3:

Correlation between temperature and CO₂

Answer 18

Question 19

Example 2: Biogeochemical feedback mechanisms

Answer 19

Question 20

Feedbacks and timescales:

Answer 20

Question 21

Tipping points, 1.5°C is the right target!

Answer 21

Question 22

Risks and impacts:

Answer 22

Question 23

Important global tipping points in the climate system:

Answer 23

Question 24

Further severe, long-term consequences:

Answer 24

• Loss of biodiversity and mass extinction of species
• Strong increase of extremes
• Sea level rise
• Mass migration
• High adaptation and mitigation costs
• many other ecological, social and economic consequences in all areas of society

Question 25

How much time do we have left for the 1.5°C target?

Answer 25

Question 26

GHG: sources and sinks

Answer 26

Question 27

How much time do we have left?

Answer 27

Question 28

How much time do we have left?

Answer 28

Question 29

Reduction paths from 2020 for 1,5°C target:

Answer 29

• If we start in 2022, time for transition shorter by 4 years

Question 30

Reduction pathways 2020 for the 1.5°C target:

Answer 30

Question 31

Reduction pathways 2020 for the 1.5°C target:

Answer 31

Question 32

Where are we currently?

Answer 32

Question 33

Conclusions:

Answer 33

• The global increase in temperature since the industrialization has passed 1.1°C
• To avoid global tipping points and severe consequences in the earth system, 1.5°C increase in temperature should not be surpassed (⇒ Paris Climate Agreement)
• To achive this, it takes the quickest possible transformation towards a carbonneutral society globally
• Current climate targets all around the world are far from sufficient
• Every year delay will cost a large amount of time and money

Question 34

Cost-benefit of climate mitigation:

Answer 34

Question 35

Example: alternatives to fossil fuels

potential of renewable energies

Answer 35