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Ecosystems and climate change > V12 > Flashcards

V12 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem effects on atmosphere and climate:

A
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2
Q

Ecosystem effects on atmosphere and climate:

A
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3
Q

Ecosystems and climate:

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4
Q

Environmental conditions:

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5
Q

Pollen abundance:

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6
Q

Ecosystems and climate:

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7
Q

Evergreen vs. deciduous trees:

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8
Q

Klimatische Einschränkungen:

A
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9
Q

Cultivation limits / boundaries of agricultural production:

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10
Q

Dry limits:

A
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11
Q

Agronomic dry limit:

A
  • temperate latitudes 250 mm/a, tropics 500 mm/a
  • overcoming the dry limit:
    • irrigation
  • livestock:
    • considerably beyond agronomic dry limit (in tropics: incl. entire briar savanna)
      • however: only mobile husbandry (nomadism, transhumance)
      • strongly dependent on intra- and interannual variability of rainfall, soil conditions, …
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12
Q

Agronomic polar limit:

A
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13
Q

Agronomic altitudinal limit:

A
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14
Q

Bioclimatic boundaries:

A
  • Distribution limits (plant/animal species) by combination of factors:
    • Humidity
    • Temperature
    • Radiation
    • Wind
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15
Q

Probability of occurrence:

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16
Q

Climate envelopes:

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17
Q

Climate envelopes – Norway spruce:

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18
Q

Climate envelopes – Silver fir:

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19
Q

Climate envelopes – Douglas fir:

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20
Q

Climate envelopes – European larch:

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21
Q

Climate envelopes – pine:

A
22
Q

Climate envelopes – European beech and hornbeam:

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23
Q

Climate envelopes – chestnut and pedunculate oak:

A
24
Q

Climate envelopes – sessile oak and downy oak:

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25
Q

Limitations of climate envelopes:

A
  • only two parameters temperature and precipitation are considered
  • extremes
  • pests
  • provenances
  • other factors…
26
Q

Effects of climate change to ecosystems:

A
27
Q

Change in composition and structure:

A
28
Q

Upward movement of species distributions (nowhere to go):

A
29
Q

Maximum additional mitigation potential for natural pathways:

A
30
Q

Ecosystems and climate change:

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31
Q

Biodiversity:

A
32
Q

Climate change and forest pests:

A
  • Simulation of bark beetle for climate change scenario (1.0°C by 2050, limited precipitation change)
    • damage by bark beetles triples compared to 1990-2004
    • particularly dramatic damage at low elevation sites
    • drastic increase in alpine regions
33
Q

Effects of temperature increase on plants:

A
  • positive effects (in the lower temperature range):
    • general growth stimulation
    • earlier start of the growing period
    • prolongation of the duration of the vegetation period
    • favorable e.g. for grassland, potato, sugar beet
34
Q

Effects of temperature increase on plants:

A
  • negative effects (in the upper temperature range):
    • shortening of development/growth phases (effects on fruit quality)
    • impairment of heat-sensitive growth processes
    • reduction of photosynthesis and increase of respiration
    • more drought stress due to increase in evaporative demand of the atmosphere
  • other effects:
    • shift of cultivation zones / suitability for cultivation
35
Q

Impact of climate change on agriculture:

A
36
Q

Impact of climate change on crop yields, livestock production, and forest productivity around 2050 (without adaptation):

A
37
Q

Observed impacts to physical, biological and managed systems:

A
38
Q

Changes in crop yields:

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39
Q

Food, fiber and products of the forest:

A
40
Q

Transformation of the (urban) landscape - what should the cities and forests of the future look like?

A
41
Q

What are climatological natural events?

A
  • Wind: tropical, extratropical storms, tornadoes
  • Precipitation: floods, droughts, hailstorms
  • Temperature: heat waves, cold waves, frost events
  • Sea level fluctuations, storm surges, groundwater salinization, ocean warming and acidification
  • Landslides, landslides, rockfall (permafrost), avalanches
  • Spread of vector-borne diseases
  • Forest fire
42
Q

What makes natural events climate risks?

A
43
Q

Climate risks:

A

Climate risk = combination of the probability and consequences of a potentially hazardous climatological natural event

  • Occurrence of natural events alone not a direct risk
  • Vulnerability (degree of vulnerability of an individual, community, society, ecosystem) and exposure equally important
  • Climate risk = natural hazard x vulnerability x exposure
44
Q

Climate risks:

A
  • socioeconomic risks (property, damage, agriculture)
  • health risks (e.g., vector-borne diseases, heat stress, direct impacts from storms)
  • existential risks (loss of habitat, loss of life, food, drinking water, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services)
45
Q

Climatological background:

A
  • Natural climate variability (temperature, precipitation, …)
  • Natural occurrence of extreme events
  • Current and future changes of the climate
46
Q

Observed change in extreme events:

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47
Q

Climatological natural disasters 1970 - 2012:

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48
Q

Sea level rise:

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49
Q

Summary:

A
  • Climatological natural disasters are normal due to natural climate variability, although some are amplified and more frequent due to climate change
  • Geographic distribution depends on the type of risk, but coastal and mountain regions are particularly affected
  • Increase in climate-related risks and damages not only because of stronger or more frequent climatological events
  • But also because more wealth and property exists, more is insured, population increases, risk areas become more widely and densely populated
  • Great natural and social relevance, even more so in the future

Ecosystems and climate change (12 decks)

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