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Ecosystems and climate change > V4 > Flashcards

V4 Flashcards

1
Q

Landscape change:

A
  • Public and official
  • That´s why…
    • comparison
    • evaluation
    • establish relationship between patterns and processes!!

⇒ quantitative assessment

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2
Q

Patterns:

A
  • Landscape consists of clusters of ecosystems arranged in groups
  • in the arrangement of the clusters certain patterns are recognizable
  • Main elements of the patterns are patches and corridors
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3
Q

Patches:

A
  • relatively discrete areas with relatively homogeneous environmental conditions and with boundaries relevant to the respective reference object (e.g. geotope)
  • Mechanisms:
    • spatially limited random disturbances (fire, windthrow, erosion)
    • predation
    • selective herbivory, …
    • resource allocation
    • aggregation behavior
    • competition
    • reaction-diffusion
    • spread
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4
Q

Categories of patchiness:

A
  • spot disturbance patches by local disturbances
  • remnant patches by large-scale disturbances
  • environmental resource patches by heterogeneous resource allocation
  • introduced patches by human disturbances
  • ephemeral patches by temporary changes in resources
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5
Q

Scale-dependent processes for patchiness:

A
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6
Q

Boundaries, ecotones, edges:

A
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7
Q

Boundaries:

A
  • non-interactive
  • interactive
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8
Q

Boundaries - functional:

A
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9
Q

Ecotone:

A
  • Hem biotope / fringe biotope (Saumbiotop / Randbiotop)
  • Transition zone between two ecosystems
  • often particularly species-rich
  • e.g. edge of forest, hedges, waterfront  also

⇒ think about agroforestry!

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10
Q

Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:

A
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11
Q

Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:

A
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12
Q

Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:

A
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13
Q

Corridors and barriers:

A
  • possible filter effect depending on:
    • corridor width
    • frequency of (e.g. human) disturbances in the corridor
    • mobility and behavior of organisms
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14
Q

Matrix:

A
  • the most frequent and most coherent landscape element usually plays the dominant role in the landscape function
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15
Q

Matrix, patches, corridors:

A
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16
Q

Heterogeneity of the landscape:

patchiness vs. gradients

A
  • different landscape concepts
  • Patch-Corridor-Matrix:
    • extent, shape and spatial arrangement of the landscape elements define the landscape pattern
  • different landscape concepts
  • landscape continuum: gradients determine the pattern of the landscape
17
Q

Landscape continuum:

A
  • sometimes patches, corridors and matrix difficult to define
  • small isolated elements too small to serve as habitats alone, only together with others
18
Q

How are patterns created in landscapes?

A
  • Abiotic conditions (climate, topography, soil, …)
  • Biotic interactions (succession, competition, predator-prey relationships, parasitism, spread, …)
  • Disturbance regime (natural vs. anthropogenic)
19
Q

Abiotic conditions:

A
  • geographical location (e.g. global temperature distribution)
20
Q

Abiotic conditions – zonal effects:

A
  • Variability of precipitation and air temperature
21
Q

Abiotic conditions – azonal effects:

A
  • Terrain height, slope position (e.g. San Juan Mtns. Colorado)
22
Q

Abiotic conditions – dynamics:

A
  • • geographical location / climate (change)
23
Q

Abiotic systems:

A
24
Q

Abiotic subsystems:

A
25
Q

Abiotic subsystems:

A
26
Q

Abiotic subsystems:

A
27
Q

Abiotic subsystems:

A
28
Q

Abiotic fundamentals and processes:

A
  • climate
  • geology
  • relief
  • soil
  • water balance
  • energy and matter balances
29
Q

Landscape processes:

development of soils and vegetation

A
30
Q

Vertical landscape structure:

A
  • Different spheres (or layers) are involved in the structure of the landscape, which penetrate and influence each other
  • The “layers” of the geobiosphere are also called ‘partial complexes‘
31
Q

Horizontal landscape structure:

A
  • spatial juxtaposition of differently composed and process-related differentiable landscape units
  • energetically and materially linked via “neighborhood” effects
32
Q

Biotic processes:

A
  • biological and ecological fundamentals
  • vegetation ecology
  • plant societies (competition, mutualism,…)

Video: Interactions of biotic and abiotic factors

33
Q

Fundamentals:

A
  • Species:
    • basic unit of biological systematics
      • no unified definition
      • different concepts of species
  • Biological:
    • actual or potential reproduction with procreative offspring
  • Morphological:
    • morphological similarity, identical appearance by morphological (anatomical) criteria
  • Phylogenetical:
    • shared and unique evolutionary history and possession of a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits
  • Biodiversity:
34
Q

Fundamentals – hierarchy/classification:

A
  • Hierarchieebenen:
    • Domäne
    • Reich
    • Stamm
    • Klasse
    • Ordnung
    • Familie
    • Gattung
    • Art
    • Unterart
35
Q

Speciation:

Species conversion

A
  • Mutation:
    • random (undirected) change of the genome: advantage or disadvantage
  • Selection:
    • with change of environmental conditions, features that were advantageous can become disadvantageous and vice versa

⇒ permanent change of species

36
Q

Speciation:

new formation of taxa via isolation

A
  • spatial separation of population
    • no more gene exchange possible
  • both gene pools are not completely identical (especially if small parts are separated, e.g. on isolated ecological islands such as oasis, high mountain in lowlands, cut off river arm, island)
  • mutations
    • in both parts different
    • genetic material changes differently
  • different environmental conditions
    • selection in different directions

⇒ fertile crossing sometime no longer possible

⇒ new species

37
Q

Speziation:

Neubildung von Taxa / Spezies durch Genmutation

A
  • durch fehlerhafte Zellteilung: Chromosomenduplikation
  • Wenn sich zwei solcher Keimzellen treffen, wird ein Organismus mit einem doppelten Chromosomensatz gebildet
  • Alle Nachkommen können gekreuzt werden
  • Entstehung neuer Arten (insbesondere Farne)

Ecosystems and climate change (12 decks)

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