V4 Flashcards
Landscape change:
- Public and official
-
That´s why…
- comparison
- evaluation
- establish relationship between patterns and processes!!
⇒ quantitative assessment
Patterns:
- Landscape consists of clusters of ecosystems arranged in groups
- in the arrangement of the clusters certain patterns are recognizable
- Main elements of the patterns are patches and corridors
Patches:
- relatively discrete areas with relatively homogeneous environmental conditions and with boundaries relevant to the respective reference object (e.g. geotope)
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Mechanisms:
- spatially limited random disturbances (fire, windthrow, erosion)
- predation
- selective herbivory, …
- resource allocation
- aggregation behavior
- competition
- reaction-diffusion
- spread
Categories of patchiness:
- spot disturbance patches by local disturbances
- remnant patches by large-scale disturbances
- environmental resource patches by heterogeneous resource allocation
- introduced patches by human disturbances
- ephemeral patches by temporary changes in resources
Scale-dependent processes for patchiness:
Boundaries, ecotones, edges:
Boundaries:
- non-interactive
- interactive
Boundaries - functional:
Ecotone:
- Hem biotope / fringe biotope (Saumbiotop / Randbiotop)
- Transition zone between two ecosystems
- often particularly species-rich
- e.g. edge of forest, hedges, waterfront also
⇒ think about agroforestry!
Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:
Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:
Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:
Corridors and barriers:
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possible filter effect depending on:
- corridor width
- frequency of (e.g. human) disturbances in the corridor
- mobility and behavior of organisms
Matrix:
- the most frequent and most coherent landscape element usually plays the dominant role in the landscape function
Matrix, patches, corridors:
Heterogeneity of the landscape:
patchiness vs. gradients
- different landscape concepts
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Patch-Corridor-Matrix:
- extent, shape and spatial arrangement of the landscape elements define the landscape pattern
- different landscape concepts
- landscape continuum: gradients determine the pattern of the landscape
Landscape continuum:
- sometimes patches, corridors and matrix difficult to define
- small isolated elements too small to serve as habitats alone, only together with others
How are patterns created in landscapes?
- Abiotic conditions (climate, topography, soil, …)
- Biotic interactions (succession, competition, predator-prey relationships, parasitism, spread, …)
- Disturbance regime (natural vs. anthropogenic)
Abiotic conditions:
- geographical location (e.g. global temperature distribution)
Abiotic conditions – zonal effects:
- Variability of precipitation and air temperature
Abiotic conditions – azonal effects:
- Terrain height, slope position (e.g. San Juan Mtns. Colorado)
Abiotic conditions – dynamics:
- • geographical location / climate (change)
Abiotic systems:
Abiotic subsystems:
Abiotic subsystems:
Abiotic subsystems:
Abiotic subsystems:
Abiotic fundamentals and processes:
- climate
- geology
- relief
- soil
- water balance
- energy and matter balances
Landscape processes:
development of soils and vegetation
Vertical landscape structure:
- Different spheres (or layers) are involved in the structure of the landscape, which penetrate and influence each other
- The “layers” of the geobiosphere are also called ‘partial complexes‘
Horizontal landscape structure:
- spatial juxtaposition of differently composed and process-related differentiable landscape units
- energetically and materially linked via “neighborhood” effects
Biotic processes:
- biological and ecological fundamentals
- vegetation ecology
- plant societies (competition, mutualism,…)
Video: Interactions of biotic and abiotic factors
Fundamentals:
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Species:
- basic unit of biological systematics
- no unified definition
- different concepts of species
- basic unit of biological systematics
-
Biological:
- actual or potential reproduction with procreative offspring
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Morphological:
- morphological similarity, identical appearance by morphological (anatomical) criteria
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Phylogenetical:
- shared and unique evolutionary history and possession of a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits
- Biodiversity:
Fundamentals – hierarchy/classification:
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Hierarchieebenen:
- Domäne
- Reich
- Stamm
- Klasse
- Ordnung
- Familie
- Gattung
- Art
- Unterart
Speciation:
Species conversion
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Mutation:
- random (undirected) change of the genome: advantage or disadvantage
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Selection:
- with change of environmental conditions, features that were advantageous can become disadvantageous and vice versa
⇒ permanent change of species
Speciation:
new formation of taxa via isolation
-
spatial separation of population
- no more gene exchange possible
- both gene pools are not completely identical (especially if small parts are separated, e.g. on isolated ecological islands such as oasis, high mountain in lowlands, cut off river arm, island)
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mutations
- in both parts different
- genetic material changes differently
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different environmental conditions
- selection in different directions
⇒ fertile crossing sometime no longer possible
⇒ new species
Speziation:
Neubildung von Taxa / Spezies durch Genmutation
- durch fehlerhafte Zellteilung: Chromosomenduplikation
- Wenn sich zwei solcher Keimzellen treffen, wird ein Organismus mit einem doppelten Chromosomensatz gebildet
- Alle Nachkommen können gekreuzt werden
- Entstehung neuer Arten (insbesondere Farne)
