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Ecosystems and climate change > V6 > Flashcards

V6 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem characteristics:

self-regulation

A
  • stabilizing interactions
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2
Q

Ecosystem characteristics:

ecological stability

A
  • Ecosystem remains practically unchanged in its overall structure or in important characteristics (species composition, productivity, …) over longer periods of time (at least several centuries)
  • can be found at any time in its highly ordered state
  • under constant external conditions, population sizes of most species in a biocenosis fluctuate only slightly or only briefly around a mean value
  • Term problematic, as ecosystems are dynamic
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3
Q

Ecosystem characteristics:

ecological stability

A
  • the “stability of ecosystems” does not exist !
  • but rather various “stability properties”, which can be used to describe the durability of an ecosystem, its natural development dynamics and its reactions to possible disturbances
  • the following stability properties are distinguished:
    • consistency
    • cyclicity
    • resistance
    • resilience (elasticity)
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4
Q

Consistency and cyclicity:

A
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5
Q

Example of cyclicity:

Mosaic cycle

A
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6
Q

Resistance and resilience:

A
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7
Q

Resilience (elasticity):

A
  • = ability of ecosystems to compensate for sudden aperiodic external influences without sustainable system change
  • e.g. disasters, human intervention, storm, fire, immigration of alien species (“invaders“, “invasive species”)
  • classic example of an ecosystem with low resilience: tropical rainforest: low resilience after (extensive) clearing
  • Most of the so-called “stable” ecosystems react particularly sensitively (little elastic) to external influences
  • on the other hand: unstable ecosystems (e.g. successional stages and “used” ecosystems) usually react particularly elastically
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8
Q

Resilience, reactivity, return period:

A
  • Reactivity:
    • Intensity of the process triggered by a disturbance (time period from the beginning of the reaction to the disturbance to the maximum displacement (amplification)
  • Resilience:
    • the greater, the shorter the return time and the quicker disturbances subside
  • Return time:
    • reciprocal value of the resilienc
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9
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and temperature?

A
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10
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and radiation?

A
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11
Q

What is meant by “water use efficiency”?

A
  • ratio between production and water consumption
  • dry matter formed per liter of transpired water
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12
Q

What is meant by physiological and ecological valence?

A
  • physiological range of existence / physiological valence:
    • each plant species, by its physiological constitution, can exist under wide ranges of environmental conditions
  • ecological range of existence / ecological valence:
    • mutual displacement / enforcement
    • from more or less large parts of the physiological range of existence
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13
Q

What does growth or defense mean?

A
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14
Q

What is competition?

A
  • interaction of organisms (of the same or different species) based on competition for limited resources
  • intra- and interspecific competition
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15
Q

Succession:

A
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16
Q

Succession after disturbance:

A
17
Q

Succession after disturbance:

A
18
Q

Succession:

A
19
Q

Succession after disturbance:

A
20
Q

Ecological climatology:

A
21
Q

Ecosystem services of forests:

A
22
Q

Land-atmosphere interactions:

A
  • climate-vegetation interaction
  • energy and matter fluxes
23
Q

Climate services of forests:

A
  • albedo
  • evapotranspiration
  • carbon storage
24
Q

Meso- and microclimate:

A
25
Q

Global radiation and energy balance:

A
26
Q

Energetic fluxes in plant stands:

A
27
Q

Where in a plant stand is the radiation balance greatest?

A
28
Q

Influence of solar radiation on vegetation:

A
  • provides energy for photosynthesis ⇒ growth
  • provides information about competition
  • controls regeneration and establishment
  • controls physiological processes, productivity
  • initiates or prevents seed germination, stem growth, leaf development and orientation, flowering, dormancy
29
Q

Influence of solar radiation on vegetation:

A
  • Only a part of the global radiation can be photosynthesized by plants:
    • photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) ~ 400 - 700 nm
    • about 50% of the energy supply by global radiation occurs in this wavelength range
    • biologically/morphogenetically active radiation (MAR) ~ 300 - 800 nm
30
Q

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR):

A
31
Q

Spectral reflection:

A
32
Q

Radiation and structural properties:

A
  • Structural characteristics such as growth habit, coniferous / deciduous tree, leaves and needles, tree crown, tree class, light and shade crown are decisive

Ecosystems and climate change (12 decks)

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