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Economics & Market > V-Market Structure-5 > Flashcards

V-Market Structure-5 Flashcards

1
Q

market: oligopoly

kinked demand curve model 图形

A
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2
Q

市场结构分析中，若

P=25-0.5Q

则MR函数可近似写为

A

MR=25-Q

斜率是P函数2倍

(求一阶导的原理)

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3
Q

维持cartel坚固性6因素

A
  1. 公司数量少，大小不均有一个dominant
  2. 产品同质性
  3. 各家成本相似
  4. 订货越频繁、量越小越好
  5. 违反规定受到的打击
  6. 外部竞争越少越好
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4
Q

Market: monopolistic competition

long run

firm equilibrium chart

A
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5
Q

prevailing price

A

(寡头市场)现行价格，需求曲线拐点

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6
Q

古诺双寡头模型

均衡的计算方法

A

给定一个普通需求函数

给定MC（两厂商一样）

假设均衡时两厂商产出一样

根据MR=MC求解

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7
Q

MES

A

minimum efficient scale

最低有效规模

minimum point of LRATC

optimal firm size over long run under perfect competition where the firm can achieve cost competitiveness

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8
Q

define:

short-run

long-run

A

short run: a time period in which at least one of the factors of production is fixed

longrun: a time period in which all factors of production are variable, tech, physical capital, plant size.

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9
Q

Market: monopolistic competition

short run

firm eiquilibrium chart

A
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10
Q

比较：

perfect competition/ monopolistic competition

equilibrium chart

A
  1. MR=MC, but P>MC
  2. ATC not at MES
  3. price higher than in perfect competition
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11
Q

企业从零开始雇佣labor，随生产扩大，一次发生的两种效应是什么

A
  1. increasing marginal returns
  2. law of diminishing returns
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12
Q

分析寡头市场的4种模型

A
  1. Kinked demand curve model
  2. the Cournot assumption
  3. the Nash equilibrium
  4. Stackelberg dominant firm model
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13
Q

market structure: perfect competition

long run

firm equilibrium chart

A
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14
Q

analyse actions of the firm:

  1. TR=TC, MR>MC
  2. TR》TC, MR=MC
  3. TR>TVC,
  4. TR
  5. TR=TC, MR
A
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15
Q

Market: perfect competition

short run

firm equilibrium chart

A
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16
Q

four categories of

Market Structure

A

perfect competition

monopolistic competition

oligopoly

monopoly

17
Q

决定市场结构的五因素

A
  1. the number and relative size of firms
  2. the degree of product differentiation
  3. the power of the seller over pricing decisions
  4. the barriers to market entry and exit
  5. the degree of non-price competition
18
Q
A
19
Q

MRP

A

Marginal Revenue Product

marginal product times price

是一个revenue数量

20
Q

MR与price elasticity的关系

A

MR=P(1-1/E)

E取绝对值，

且一定>1

21
Q

LRATC

chart

A

long-run average total cost curve

SRATC3: 长期内最优化资源配置奉安

Q3：完全竞争市场长期内目标产量

22
Q

economies/diseconomies of scale

A

economies of scale: increasing returns to scale. in long run, as a business expands output, it can utilize more efficient of factors to lower the costs of production

diseconomies of scale: decreasing returns to scale. business becoming too large, and become less efficient with size

+

constant returns to scale

23
Q

Market: monopoly

short run

supply and price analysis

A
24
Q

difine:

3个级别的价格歧视

A
  1. take off all consumer surplus for each individual
  2. 根据数量不同几个不同的价格挡位
  3. 将消费者根据不同性质进行分组charge

(注意DWL)

25
Q

Market concentration

两种算法，及各自问题

A
  1. N-firm concentration ratio

各公司市场份额直接相加

不能体现市场合并

  1. HHI Index

各公司市场份额平方求和

针对整个市场所有公司，但没有体现行业进出壁垒

26
Q

在monopolistic competition中

企业脱颖而出的方式

A
  1. Innovation and product development
  2. brand recognition/ loyalty
  3. Advertising
27
Q

Market: Oligopoly

Kinked model:

厂商定价策略

A

1。 某厂抬价，其他厂不跟随 （demand becomes elastic）

2。 某厂降价，其余厂跟随 (demand not elastic as expected)

28
Q

Market: Oligopoly

Nash Equilibrium

结论

A

1。 最终合约双方都将撕毁合约互相背叛

2。 每个个体都寻找对自己最优解，但总体来说得到的却不是最优解。

29
Q

Market: Oligopoly

Stackelberg dominant firm model

理论内容

A

1。 市场中有几个领导厂商，其中一者主导

2。大厂类似垄断性质，可在profit max生产，并有定价权

3。小厂类似完全竞争性质，price taker

30
Q

Market: Oligopoly

Stackelberg dominant firm model

结论

A

1。 若小厂降价，则大厂可跟随降价，且大厂降价空间更大（规模成本更低），最终玩死小厂，拿走小厂份额

2。长期看，大厂profit逐渐下降。因不断有新竞争者加入

31
Q

Market: Monopoly

two forms of barrier

A
  1. Legal barrier - franchise, liscence, patent
  2. natural barrier - economies of scale, lower cost
32
Q

Market: Monopoly

government regulation

两种方式

  1. 设在什么的交点？
  2. 特点
A

一、Average cost pricing.

1。定价在demand curve 与企业ATC交点

2。更常用

3。企业达到breakeven, normal profit

二、Marginal cost prising

1。定价在demand curve与企业MC交点

2。AR

  1. gov subsidy needed to make normal profit
33
Q

A monopolist will expand production until MR=MC, and charge a price determined by the:

A

demand curve

34
Q

In which market structure can a firm’s supply function be described as its MC curve above its AVC curve?

A

only perfect competetion

in other markets, supply function cannot be well-defined

35
Q

if companies earn economic profits in a perfectly competitive market,

over the long run the supply curve will

A

shift to the right. Because the economic profit will attract new entrants to the market and encourage existing companies to expand capacity

36
Q

in perfect competition

economic losses indicate that

A
  • firms overproducing
  • price below average total cost

Economics & Market (11 decks)

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