V-Market Structure-5 Flashcards
market: oligopoly
kinked demand curve model 图形
市场结构分析中,若
P=25-0.5Q
则MR函数可近似写为
MR=25-Q
斜率是P函数2倍
(求一阶导的原理)
维持cartel坚固性6因素
- 公司数量少,大小不均有一个dominant
- 产品同质性
- 各家成本相似
- 订货越频繁、量越小越好
- 违反规定受到的打击
- 外部竞争越少越好
Market: monopolistic competition
long run
firm equilibrium chart
prevailing price
(寡头市场)现行价格,需求曲线拐点
古诺双寡头模型
均衡的计算方法
给定一个普通需求函数
给定MC(两厂商一样)
假设均衡时两厂商产出一样
根据MR=MC求解
MES
minimum efficient scale
最低有效规模
minimum point of LRATC
optimal firm size over long run under perfect competition where the firm can achieve cost competitiveness
define:
short-run
long-run
short run: a time period in which at least one of the factors of production is fixed
longrun: a time period in which all factors of production are variable, tech, physical capital, plant size.
Market: monopolistic competition
short run
firm eiquilibrium chart
比较:
perfect competition/ monopolistic competition
equilibrium chart
- MR=MC, but P>MC
- ATC not at MES
- price higher than in perfect competition
企业从零开始雇佣labor,随生产扩大,一次发生的两种效应是什么
- increasing marginal returns
- law of diminishing returns
分析寡头市场的4种模型
- Kinked demand curve model
- the Cournot assumption
- the Nash equilibrium
- Stackelberg dominant firm model
market structure: perfect competition
long run
firm equilibrium chart
analyse actions of the firm:
- TR=TC, MR>MC
- TR》TC, MR=MC
- TR>TVC,
- TR
- TR=TC, MR
Market: perfect competition
short run
firm equilibrium chart
four categories of
Market Structure
perfect competition
monopolistic competition
oligopoly
monopoly
决定市场结构的五因素
- the number and relative size of firms
- the degree of product differentiation
- the power of the seller over pricing decisions
- the barriers to market entry and exit
- the degree of non-price competition
MRP
Marginal Revenue Product
marginal product times price
是一个revenue数量
MR与price elasticity的关系
MR=P(1-1/E)
E取绝对值,
且一定>1
LRATC
chart
long-run average total cost curve
SRATC3: 长期内最优化资源配置奉安
Q3:完全竞争市场长期内目标产量
economies/diseconomies of scale
economies of scale: increasing returns to scale. in long run, as a business expands output, it can utilize more efficient of factors to lower the costs of production
diseconomies of scale: decreasing returns to scale. business becoming too large, and become less efficient with size
+
constant returns to scale
Market: monopoly
short run
supply and price analysis
difine:
3个级别的价格歧视
- take off all consumer surplus for each individual
- 根据数量不同几个不同的价格挡位
- 将消费者根据不同性质进行分组charge
(注意DWL)