Uworld26 Flashcards
What is seen on physical examination of pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax is recognized on chest x-ray by a continuous line without lung markings peripheral to it.
Decreased tactile fremitus, decreased breath sound intensity, and hyperresonance to percussion are expected on physical examination.
Severe hypoxemia that does not correct with 100% supplemental oxygen is consistent with?
right to left shunt.
Intrapulmonary shunt effect occurs when an alveolar filling process (eg, diffuse pulmonary edema) causes poor alveolar ventilation despite continued perfusion; this improves with positive end-expiratory pressure.
What is vibrio vulnificus?
curve, gram-negative, free living bacterium that grows in marine environments.
Transmission primarily occurs due to the consumption of raw seafood (eg, oysters) or wound contamination.
Manifestations are often mild, but individuals with liver disease or iron overload are at very high risk of severe, fulminant infection (eg, sepsis, necrotizing fascitis)
What is Huntington disease?
AD, progressive neurodengerative disorder characterized by chorea, psychiatric symptoms, and dementia.
Psychiatric symptoms may occur early in the disease course and include irritability, anxiety, apathy, depression, and psychosis.
Adverse effects of amphotericin B
Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal drug notorious for its renal toxicity.
Severe hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia are commonly seen during therapy and often require daily supplementation.
What is a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions are usually mild, hemolytic reactions that occur >24 hours after blood transfusion.
They are a type of anamnestic response (delayed immunologic response) that occurs in patients previously exposed to a minor RBC antigen (eg, previous blood transfusion, pregnancy)
What is prepatellar bursitis?
A bursa is a fluid-filled synovial sac that serves to alleviate pressure from bony prominences and reduce friction between muscles and tendons.
Acute trauma or chronic repetitive pressure can cause injury, leading to localized pain and tenderness.
Prepatellar bursitis causes anterior knee pain and is usually due to repetitive or prolonged kneeling.
What is a chancroid due to Haemophilus ducreyi?
Chancroid, due to Haemophilus ducreyi, presents as deep, painful ulcers with ragged borders that are associated with a grey exudate and inguinal lymphadenopathy.
Diagnosis is established by gram stain and culture of the organism from a scraping of the ulcer base.
What is acute urinary retention?
characterized by anuria and bladder distension and can result in hydronephrosis and acute kidney injury.
A palpable, distended bladder is present on examination, and abdominal and flank pain may be present.
The most common cause of urinary retention is bladder outlet obstruction (urethral compression) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Radiation-induced lung injury typically occurs following?
Radiation-induced lung injury typically occurs following thoracic irradiation (eg, breast cancer), which damages pneumocytes and vascular endothelial cells and initiates an inflammatory response (eg, IL-1, TNFa, TGF-b).
This immune response can have both acute (eg, exudative alveolitis, hyaline membrane formation) and delayed (eg, dense fibrosis) effects that typically manifest with cough and dyspnea.
Nonpitting edema often develops due to?
lymphatic outflow obstruction (eg, malignancy, congenital malformation).
Congenital lymphedema due to lymphatic network dysgenesis is common in Turner syndrome, which is characterized by webbed neck, horseshoe kidney, and nail dysplasia.
What is the locus coeruleus?
The locus coeruleus is a paired brainstem nucleus located in the posterior rostral pons near the lateral floor of the fourth ventricle and functions as the principal site for norepinephrine synthesis in the brain.
It projects to virtually all parts of the central nervous system and helps control mood, arousal (reticular activating system), sleep wake states, cognition, and autonomic function.
Staph epidermidis is a common cause of foreign body infections due to?
its ability to produce adherent biofilms.
What is MEN1?
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome is characterized by tumors of the pituitary, parathyroid gland, and pancreas.
First generation H1 histamine receptor antagonists, including diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine, can cause significant?
sedation especially when used with other meds that cause CNS depression (such as benzodiazepines)
What is epithelial ovarian cancer?
the most common ovarian malignancy.
Histo findings include anaplasia of epithelial cells with invasion into the stroma and multiple papillary formations with cellular atypia.
Epithelial ovarian tumors are associated with elevated cancer antigen 125, which can be used as a serum marker for this condition.
What is a Aschoff body?
Interstitial myocardial granulomas (Aschoff bodies) are found in carditis due to acute rheumatic fever, which develops after an untreated group A strep pharyngeal infection.
Aschoff bodies contain plump macrophages with abundant cytoplasm and central, slender ribbons of chromatin (Anitschkow, or caterpillar, cells)
What is frontotemporal dementia?
presents with early personality change, executive dysfunction, compulsivity, and hyperorality.
It is associated with neurofibrillary tangles due to abnormal tau proteins (also seen in Alzheimer dementia) and pathologically ubiquinated TDP-43 (also seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
What is Kallman syndrome?
In Kallman syndrome, there is an absence of GnRH secretory neurons in the hypothalamus due to defective migration from the olfactory placode.
These patients have central hypogonadism and anosmia, and often present with delayed puberty.
What is unique about Mycoplasma?
All organisms in the Mycoplasma genus, including Ureaplasma urealyticum, lack peptidoglycan cell walls and are therefore resistant to agents that target the cell wall such as penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and vancomycin.
Mycoplasma infections can be treated with antiribosomal agents (eg, tetracyclines, macrolides)
What is seen in diabetes with the polyol pathway?
In hyperglucemic states, aldose reductase converts glucose to sorbitol at a rate faster than sorbitol can be metabolized.
Sorbitol accumulates in certain cells such as lens cells, causing an influx of water and resulting in osmotic cellular injury.
Depletion of NADPH by aldose reductase also increases oxidative stress, which accelerates development of cataracts and diabetic microvascular complications (eg, neuropathy, retinopathy )
What is a manic episode?
Manic episodes are characterized by euphoric/irritable mood, impulsivity, hyperactivity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, racing thoughts, and grandiosity. They may occur with or without psychotic features.
MOA of aspirin
Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that primarily and irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) when given in low doses.
Because irreversible COX-1 inhibition decreases platelet thromboxane A2 production for the duration of their lifespan (ie, 3-7 days), preoperative aspirin discontinuation is recommended at least 5 days prior to surgery to avoid excessive bleeding.
Activation of muscarinic receptors by acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists results in?
peripheral vasodilation due to synthesis of nitric oxide in endothelial cells, which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation (eg, hypotension).
Muscarinic receptor activation in other sites causes smooth muscle contraction.