Uworld20 Flashcards
What is a femoral nerve block?
A femoral nerve block below the inguinal ligament (ie, in the inguinal crease) will anesthetize the skin and muscles of the anterior thigh, femur, and knee.
This type of block can be used in patients requiring tendon repair after a knee injury (eg, quadriceps rupture)
Acute onset bloody diarrhea is most commonly due to?
E coli O157:H7, Shigella, or Campylobacter infection.
Shigella infection also classically causes high fever and left sided abdominal tenderness (due to rectosigmoid involvement) and often occurs in outbreaks (eg, day care center)
How can head trauma cause anosmia?
Olfactory signals are relayed via the olfactory nerve (CN I) through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb, which then projects to the primary olfactory cortex in the medial temporal lobe.
Head trauma can tear olfactory nerve (CNI) rootlets as they cross the cribriform plate, causing anosmia. Anosmia is often interpreted by patients as loss of taste.
What is a fibroadenoma?
Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the breast. They are characterized histologically by a myxoid stroma that encircles and sometimes compresses epithelium-lined glandular and cystic spaces
The earliest morphologic change that occurs after a superficial thermal burn is?
erythema due to the release of preformed mediators (eg, histamine) from mast cells.
Deeper (eg, partial-thickness) burn wounds form blisters due to fluid extravasation through gaps between damaged venule endothelial cells
What can happen to the respiratory system during a panic attack?
Panic attacks are typically accompanied by hyperventilation, leading to hypocapnia.
Cerebral blood flow is directly related to the arterial partial pressure of CO2; therefore, hypocapnia can lead to reduced cerebral blood flow and symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion (eg, blurred vision, dizziness, lightheadedness)
What is a S3?
S3 is a low frequency sound that occurs just after S2 and is typically associated with ventricular volume overload.
It is commonly heard in patients with mitral or aortic regurgitation or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (eg, dilated cardiomyopathy)
What are the physiologic adaptations in response to hypothermia?
The hypothalamus controls thermoregulation by promoting alterations in the autonomic nervous system and the adrenal and thyroid axes.
Physiologic adaptations in response to hypothermia include increased sympathetic activity and thyroid hormone release, shivering, and peripheral vasoconstriction. These actions normalize body temperature by reducing heat loss and increasing metabolic rate (promoting thermogenesis)
What is Clostridium septicum?
a spore forming, exotoxin-producing, gram+ organism that is the most common cause of spontaneous gas gangrene (eg, rapid onset pain, hemorrhagic bullae, tissue crepitus). Underlying colonic malignancy is the greatest risk factor for infection
MOA of ezetimibe
Ezetimibe reduces intestinal absorption of cholesterol. As a result, the amount of dietary cholesterol reaching the liver decreases. To compensate, the liver increases LDL receptor expression, which draws cholesterol out of the circulation
What are the ocular manifestations in giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis)?
Can lead to rapid, severe, and irreversible vision loss.
Involvement of the ciliary arteries in GCA leads to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, which presents with a painless, rapidly progressive decrease in visual acuity.
Treatment includes systemic glucocorticoids (eg, prednisone, methylprednisolone)
How is Neisseria meningitidis transmitted?
primarily by aerozolized droplets and subsequently colonizes the nasopharyngeal epithelium.
Penetration of the epithelium can lead to bloodstream infection.
Spread to the meninges occurs via transcellular penetration of the cerebral capillary endothelium or entry at the choroid plexus
Lead inhibits what?
Young children who resides in homes built before 1978 are at significant risk for lead toxicity.
Lead directly inhibits ferrochelatase and aminolevulinic acid dehydrates, resulting in anemia, ALA accumulation, and elevated zinc protoporphyrin levels.
Neurotoxicity is also a significant long term complication
The underlying biochemical feature of megalobastosis is?
defect in DNA synthesis. In patients with chronic alcohol use, megaloblastic macrocytic anemia can result from a nutritional deficiency of vit B12 or folate, which impairs synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases
Patients undergoing solid organ transplantation are at increased risk of gout due to?
meds that impair renal clearance of uric acid. Cyclosporine is particularly associated with gout in the post-transplantation period due to decreased uric acid excretion
What is Reye syndrome?
acute liver failure (hepatomegaly, elevated aminotransferases, coagulopathy) and rapidly progressive encephalopathy related to hyperammonemia.
It usually develops in susceptible children during a viral infection after administration of salicylates (eg, aspirin), which can cause damage to the mitochondria and impair fatty acid beta oxidation within hepatocytes
How does disseminated gonococcal infection present?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is spread sexually by genitourinary secretions and can be prevented by the consistent use of condoms.
genitourinary infections are often asymptomatic, which increases the risk of spread through the bloodstream, leading to disseminated gonococcal infection.
Patients with disseminated disease typically present with the triad of polyarthralgia, tenosynovitis, and dermatitis or purulent arthritis.
What is hairy cell leukemia?
an indolent B cell neoplasm predominantly found in middle aged men and characterized by bone marrow failure and infiltration into the reticuloendothelial system, causing massive splenomegaly.
Other typically features include a dry tap (unsuccessful bone marrow aspiration) and the presence of lymphocytes with cytoplasmic projections
What is the p-value?
the probability of obtaining a result (ie, sample estimate) at least as large as the one observed when the population value claimed in the null hypothesis is assumed to be true.
A p-value <0.05 = statistically significant
GERD is a common physiologic phenomenon in infants and is due to?
low tone of an immature lower esophageal sphincter. It is characterized by frequent spit up in an otherwise asymptomatic patient with appropriate weight gain
What is a Councilman body?
Intravenous drug use is a risk factor for acute viral hepatitis, which is marked by panlobular inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and cell death.
To control the infection, cytotoxic T cell-mediated signals cause hepatocyte apoptosis, which is characterized by Councilman bodies ( round, intensely eosinophilic bodies)
What is a Dupuytren contracture?
caused by progressive fibrosis of the superficial palmar fascia due to excessive fibroblast proliferation.
Pathognomonic fibrotic nodules and cords form along the flexor tendons, limiting extension of the affected digits.
What is the most common cause of encephalitis outbreaks in the US?
Arboviruses, small RNA viruses transmitted by biting arthropods.
Because no vaccines are currently available, prevention primarily involves eliminating the vector arthropods (eg, infected mosquitos)
What are the neutrophil chemotactic agents?
Leukotriene B4, C5a, IL-8, and 5-HETE (leukotriene precursor)