UWorld-Rapid Review Flashcards

1
Q

ptosis, weakness of face muscles (i.e. mastication, EOMs), diplopia that worsens with use suggests what condition and what associated neoplasm

A

myasthenia gravis;

thymoma

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2
Q

shortened 4th and 5th digits; short stature; round face

A

pseudohypoparathyroidism (end-organ resistance to PTH, TSH, LH/FSH) aka Albright hereditary osteodystrophy

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3
Q

stained red by safranin-O

A

collagen, mast cell granules, or mucin

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4
Q

adult structure that runs through inguinal canal (in man, in woman) and its embryologic derivative

A

spermatic cord in men (note: processus vaginalis disappears); round ligament in women
both are derived from gubernaculum (note: ovarian ligament also derives from gubernaculum, but doesn’t run through inguinal canal)

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5
Q

expected pH, pCO2 and pO2 for pulmonary embolism

A

respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation due to V/Q mismatch driven hypoxemia)=> high pH, low pCO2, low O2

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6
Q

brown colored patches/spots, flesh-colored papules, intertriginous freckling

A

Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s) chromosome 17

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7
Q

antibiotic for which histamine release increases proportional to infusion rate

A

vancomycin (Red man syndrome)

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8
Q

heavy menses, pelvic pressure/pain, palpable pelvic mass in an African American woman

A

leiomyoma

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9
Q

pain passing stools, bloody in stool, Hx of vascular or heart disease (diminished pulses, past MI)

A

ischemic colitis:

on histology= mucosal hemorrhage and patchy necrosis

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10
Q

fasting hypoglycemia and hypoketonemia

A

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency or another defect in beta-oxidation pathway

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11
Q

how many ATP produced per: NADH, FADH2, GTP

A

3 ATP per NADH, 2 ATP per FADH2, 1 ATP per GTP

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12
Q

how much net ATP produced in anaerobic (glycolysis) vs. aerobic metabolism

A

net 2 ATP produced in glycolysis;

net 38 ATP produced in anerobic metabolism

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13
Q

leukoplakia vs. lichen sclerosis

A

leukoplakia= white thickening of mucosal surfaces (i.e. oral) often due to EBV
lichen sclerosis= white thinning of squamous surfaces (i.e. labia majora or perineal skin) due to autoimmune disease (anti-ECM1)

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14
Q

is acute tubular necrosis typically in the cortex or the medulla of the kidney

A

medulla: less blood supply than cortex so more prone to ischemia

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15
Q

atrophy of villi in the small bowel on histology

A

Celiac’s (check for dermatitis herpetiformis)

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16
Q

notable toxicities of TCA’s

A

QRS prolongation and arrhythmia, anticholinergic effects, agitation, seizure, coma

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17
Q

sudden onset back pain, hematuria, oliguria and metabolic acidosis

A

ethylene glycol:

  • causes anion gap metabolic acidosis
  • causes calcium oxalate stones (along with Chron’s and vitamin C)
18
Q

sickle cell patient develops sepsis: what’s the microbe

A

most likely streptococcus (strep pneumo)

19
Q

recurrent lobar hemorrhages in an elderly patient

A

cerebral amyloid angiopathy (beta-amyloid deposition in cerebral arterial walls, not associated with systemic amyloidosis)

20
Q

a patient presenting with diabetes mellitus, necrolytic erythema and anemia likely has what condition

A

glucagonoma

21
Q

air in the biliary tree suggests what condition/complication

A

gallstone ileus; fistula formation between gallbladder and intestines allows stone to enter small intestines and get lodged in the ileocecal valve

22
Q

persistent disseminated mycobacterial and fungal infections suggest what immunologic defect

A

low IFN-gamma, needed to promote macrophage destruction of mycobacteria/fungi;
IL-12 receptor deficiency

23
Q

periodic, non-peristaltic contractions of the esophagus leading to crampy pain that resembles angina pectoris

A

diffuse esophageal spasm

24
Q

moldy grains can have what carcinogen and what associated cancer risk

A

aspergillus aflatoxins => HCC

25
Q

a patient treated for leukemia or lymphoma develops symptoms of renal failure (high BUN or Cr): what’s the problem and how could it have been prevented

A

tumor lysis syndrome; prevent with allopurinol/febuxostat or with rasburicase (turns uric acid into allantoin)

26
Q

a patient with lung cancer starts developing ataxia: explain the etiology

A

paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: anti-Yo, anti-P/Q, and anti-Hu antibodies to the tumor cross-react with Purkinje cells in the cerebellum leading to degeneration

27
Q

necrolytic erythema in the groin, abdominal pain, cheilosis, stomatitis can be the result of what condition

A

glucagonoma

28
Q

how can you differentiate partial central DI from complete central DI?

A

osmolarity increase of >10% after ADH= partial

osmolarity increase of >50% after ADH=complete

29
Q

what does danazol treat (2 things)

A

danazol=synthetic androgen that treats endometriosis and hereditary angioedema

30
Q

patient complains of fatigue, mild weight gain and has elevated creatinine kinase; what’s the next appropriate step in his care?

A

hypothyroid myopathy

-check serum TSH

31
Q

antiphospholipase A2 antibodies are associated with what renal condition

A

membranous glomerulonephropathy

32
Q

if you give your patient acyclovir, what side effect must you act to prevent

A

with acyclovir: hydrate your patient! acyclovir has a side effect of crystalline nephropathy and acute renal failure

33
Q

mother has a rash that starts at the head and moves down as well as arthralgia and postauricular LAD; what will baby present with

A

this is rubella:
fetal classic triad= PDA, cataracts, sensorineural deafness
(may also see blueberry muffin rash similar to CMV)

34
Q

which two infections in the mother can cause hydrops fetalis

A

parvovirus B19 and syphilis

35
Q

your patient has achalasia and you suspect it has been caused by infection; what pathogen do you suspect and what would you treat with if the infection was ongoing

A

Trypanosoma cruzi;

treat with benznidazole or nifurtimox

36
Q

what are p bodies and what do they do

A

p bodies are proteins found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that regulate translation by binding mRNA and storing them to release later

37
Q

what is the function of HER-2

A

HER-2 is an epidermal growth factor receptor that has intrinsic tyrosine kinase and it promotes epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation

38
Q

patients with adult-type coarctation are at increased risk of having what other condition

A

congenital berry aneurysms

39
Q

what’s the difference between scalded skin syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

A

in scalded skin syndrome attachments between keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum are destroyed; in toxic epidermal necrolysis the epidermis-dermis junction is destroyed

40
Q

what characteristic should a drug that is hepatically cleared have

A

high lipophilicity so it can be absorbed by the hepatocytes (in the kidney it would filter out and get reabsorbed right back so this would be unfavorable for kidney clearance)