Kaplan-FULL LENGTH EXAM!!!

Question 1

what is the quick rule of thumb for determining how long it will take for a drug to reach 87.5% of steady state if given via continuous infusion

Answer 1

rule of thumb: continuous infusion of a drug will cause it to reach 50% of steady state after one half-life, 75% of steady state after two half-lives, 87.5% of steady state after three half-lives

Question 2

how do you calculate filtration fraction

Answer 2

FF= GFR/RPF

Question 3

what are the side effects of sulfalazine

Answer 3

anorexia, headache, nausea, irreversible oligospermia, hypersensitivity rxns, Steven-Johnson syndrome, exfolative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis

Question 4

organophosphates (found in pesticies) have what mechanism of action and how is exposure to organophosphates treated

Answer 4

ACh esterase inhibitors;

treated with pralidoxime

Question 5

what is the alveolar ventilation equation

Answer 5

PACO2=production of CO2/ alveolar ventilation

Question 6

Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic corkscrew fibers) and a cyst with a nodule in the cerebellum is characteristic of what neural neoplasm

Answer 6

pilocytic astrocytoma

Question 7

what uniquely characterizes each of the Tanner stages in women

Answer 7

1: elevation of the papilla of the breast
2: enlargement of areola, coarsening of pubic hair
3: axillary hair grows in, peak height increase, acne
4: areola forms secondary mound on breast
5: adult breast contour; full pubic hair spread to medial thigh

Question 8

what is the alveolar gas equation

Answer 8

PAO2=PIO2 - PACO2/R

Question 9

which AChE inhibitors are used to treat myasthenia gravis

Answer 9

pyridostigmine and neostigmine

Question 10

what drugs can cause acute pancreatitis

Answer 10

sulfa drugs, thiazides, valproic acid, steroids

Question 11

what does the thoracic duct empty into

Answer 11

into the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

Question 12

how would you treat gastroparesis resulting from diabetic autonomic neuropathy or peripheral neuropathy

Answer 12

metoclopramide

Question 13

what is the antidote for cyanide poisoning (detectable via bitter almond breath) and how does it work

Answer 13

amyl nitrite;

amyl nitrite generates methemoglobin which binds cyanide

Question 14

what are the two ways that RBF and GFR are autoregulated in order to keep them constant between pressures of 80-180mmHg

Answer 14

1. myogenic response: increase blood pressure triggers contraction of smooth muscle and decreased blood pressure triggers relaxation
2. macula densa causes vasoconstriction in response to increased BP and stops vasoconstricting effects in response to low BP

Question 15

a herniated disc compressing L5 would cause what symptoms

Answer 15

inability to extend the toe, inability to dorsiflex the foot (foot drop), loss of sensation over dorsum of the foot

Question 16

which anatomic structure lies directly posterior to the manubrium

Answer 16

the left brachiocephalic vein

Question 17

what is Chvostek’s sign and how would acute pancreatitis cause this sign to be able to be elicited

Answer 17

Chvostek’s sign= tapping on the face near the maxilla causes ipsilateral facial twitching; sign of hypocalcemia

pancreatitis causes hypocalcemia via saponification with fatty acids

Question 18

what are the surface markers used to identify natural killer cells

Answer 18

CD16 and CD56