UWorld-Embryology/Development

Question 1

50% of Down’s syndrome patients have congenital heart abnormalities. What is the most common kind of heart abnormality?

Answer 1

endocardial cushion defects

Question 2

during the second trimester where is most of the progesterone produced

Answer 2

the placenta takes over progesterone production in the second and third trimesters

Question 3

what inhibits lactation (despite rising prolactin levels) and develops the breast tissue during pregnancy

Answer 3

progesterone and estrogen

Question 4

what is Von Recklinghausen’s disease and what are its commonest clinical manifestations

Answer 4

neurofibromatosis type 1: neurofibromas, optic nerve gliomas, Lisch nodules (pigmented nodules of the iris), and cafe au lait spots

Question 5

what is Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome

Answer 5

hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an inherited disorder of blood vessels leading to telangiectasias, epistaxis, skin discolorations, AVMs, GI bleeding and hematuria

Question 6

what’s the other name for Sturge-Weber syndrome and what are its common clinical manifestations

Answer 6

encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis:
causes cutaneous angiomas (such as port-wine stain in trigeminal dermatome), leptomeningeal angiomas, seizures, mental retardation, hemiplegia, tram-track calcifications on radiology

Question 7

what will exert the greatest effect on achieving a lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio greater than or equal to 2

Answer 7

cortisol helps the fetal lungs develop; lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio greater than or equal to 2 indicates fetal lung maturity