UWorld-Mixed Deck from All Subjects Flashcards

Q#1-27 from test #14

1
Q

anti-centromere antibodies are found in most patients with

A

CREST syndrome

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2
Q

what the classic triad of reactive arthritis and what HLA gene is it associated with

A

asymmetric aseptic arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis (“can’t see can’t pee can’t bend my knee)

associated with HLA-B27 along with the other seronegative spondyloarthropathies

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3
Q

what kind of drug are nafcillin, methicillin and oxacillin and what general kind of infection/ pathogen do they usually treat

A

penicillinase-resistant penicillins;

they treat S. aureus (except MRSA) and are often used for skin, soft tissue and follicle infections

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4
Q

a child with intellectual disability and bilateral lens subluxation that dies of MI could have been treated with what

A

pyridoxine (vit B6) for homocysteinuria, most commonly caused by cystathione synthase deficiency, which is catalyzed by vitamin B6

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5
Q

what are two reasons that niacin can cause increase side effects when given to a patient on anti-hypertensive therapy

A

niacin potentiates anti-hypertensive drugs by causing vasodilation

niacin can cause hyperuricemia as can thiazides

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6
Q

winged scapula involves injury to what nerve

A

long thoracic nerve (innervation to serratus anterior)

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7
Q

what is the normal A-a gradient and what respiratory conditions involve a normal A-a gradient

A

10-15mmHg;

hypoventilation and high altitude have normal A-a gradient

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8
Q

ataxia, increased risk of sinopulmonary infections and telangiectasias are the classic triad for

A

ataxia telangiectasia

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9
Q

what effect does COPD have on cerebral vasculature

A

COPD causes rising pCO2 and hypercapnia causes cerebral vasodilation

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10
Q

what are entacapone and tolcapone, how do they work and what do they treat

A

COMT inhibitors;

they increase levodopa levels in the brain and are used to treat Parkinson’s

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11
Q

what kind of UV do PABA esters absorb

what kind of UV do zinc oxide containing sunscreens absorb

A

PABA esters absorb UVB only;

zinc oxide containing sunscreens are broad-spectrum and absorb UVAI, UVAII and UVB

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12
Q

what kind of UV does avobenzone absorb

A

UVAI and UVAII

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13
Q

which DNA viruses are enveloped, which are naked

A

enveloped=herpes virus, hepadnavirus, and poxvirus

naked=picornavirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, polyomavirus

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14
Q

which DNA viruses are circular

A

papillomavirus, polyomavirus are circular and hepadnavirus is partially circular

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15
Q

name two echinocandins and explain the mechanism of action

A

capsofungin and micafungin;

inhibit synthesis of beta-glucan, a component of fungal cell walls

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16
Q

a smoker comes down with an acute illness involving very high fever, confusion, diarrhea and headache;
gram-stain shows no bacteria; what is the causal pathogen and the disease

A

Legionella pneumophila causes Legionnaire’s disease and often doesn’t show up on gram-stain

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17
Q

what differentiates Tay Sachs (beta-hexosaminidase A deficiency) from Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelinase deficiency)

A

no hepatomegaly in Tay-Sachs

note: cherry red spot on macula and progressive neurodegeneration seen in both

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18
Q

bilateral accoustic neuromas are associated with what condition and what chromosome is affected

A

neurofibromatosis 2

NF2 gene on chromosome 22

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19
Q

streak ovaries (underdeveloped elongated ovaries) are a classic sign of what condition

A

Turner’s syndrome

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20
Q

how do you calculate attributable risk percentage

A

ARP= (RR-1) / RR

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21
Q

where is ACE produced

A

mainly in the endothelial cells of the pulmonary vasculature

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22
Q

where is prostaglandin E1 produced and what does it do

A

prostaglandin E1 is a locally produced vasodilator produced by almost all tissues in the body

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23
Q

pigmented gallstones are an indication of what process

A

hemolytic anemia

24
Q

which test models the relationship between a continuous dependent variable and continuous independent variable

A

linear regression

25
Q

what statistical test compares the means of two groups of continuous variables

A

t-test

26
Q

name three cardiac defects that produce a holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurg. and mitral regurg.

27
Q

renal angiomyolipomas and ash-leaf patches are associated with what condition

A

tuberous sclerosis

28
Q

which DNA polymerase has 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity

A

DNA polymerase I has both 3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity

29
Q

how do benzodiazepines work;

which other psych drugs have a similar mechanism of action

A

allosterically binding GABAa receptor to increase Cl channel opening (causing hyperpolarization)

30
Q

what kinds of receptors are GABAa, GABAb and GABAc

A

GABAa and GABAc are ion channels that increase Cl influx

GABAb is a G protein that (1) increases K+ efflux, (2) decreases Ca2+ influx and (3) inhibits adenylyl cyclase

31
Q

what effect do loop diuretics have on prostaglandins

A

loop diuretics increase prostaglandin release, which leads to increased renal blood flow –> increased GFR

32
Q

BMPR2 (bone morphogenic protein receptor type 2) predisposes to what condition

A

PAH (pulmonary artery hypertension)

33
Q

name 6 drugs that are metabolized by CYP450

A

warfarin, phenytoin, propranolol, metoprolol, quinidine, theophylline

34
Q

will a positive urease test show high or low pH

A

high;

urease converts urea to CO2 and ammonia

35
Q

what part of the lung is most affected in chronic rejection

A

the small bronchioles (bronchiolitis obliterans)

36
Q

what do Clara cells do

A

secrete clara cell secretory protein (which inhibits neutrophil recruitment and activation); precursors for goblet cells

37
Q

direct bilirubin fraction of over 50% suggests

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome with otherwise normal liver profile

38
Q

what does ADH do to urea

A

ADH increases concentration of urea passive transporters in the inner medullary collecting duct

39
Q

name two direct (selective) arteriolar vasodilators and list their side effects

A

hydralazine and minoxidil;

since they only dilate arterioles and not the venous system they can cause reflex tachycardia and sodium retention

40
Q

most common side effect of inhaled glucocorticoids (fluticasone, beclomethasone, flunisolide)

A

oral candidiasis

41
Q

which medication helps decrease risk of adenomatous polyp formation and via what mechanism

A

aspirin;
COX-2 overexpression has been implicated in recurrence of adenomatous polyp formation so aspirin blocks COX-2, thereby reducing risk

42
Q

for what issues can a minor give consent for medical treatment without parental permission

A

pregnancy, birth control, STDs, alcohol or drug addiction

43
Q

which of the immune cells are acutely increased after glucocortiocoid administration

A

neutrophils; demargination of neutrophils that were previously attached to vessel walls is induced acutely by glucocorticoids
all other immune cells are decreased rather than increased during this time

44
Q

deficiency of what vitamin causes peripheral neuropathy, cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure and tachycardia

A

this is wet beriberi;

B1

45
Q

how does dextrans facilitate strep viridans infection

A

dextrans is synthesized by strep viridans and it allows the pathogen to adhere to fibrin

46
Q

name some symptoms you would expect from systemic mastocytosis

A

gastric acid hypersecretion, diarrhea, flushing, pruritus, rash (all the things H1 and H2 receptors mediate)

47
Q

how would you treat drug-induced parkinsonism vs. how would you treat Parkinson’s disease

A

drug-induced parkinsonism is caused by D2 antagonism by antipsychotics; treat with benztropine (antimuscarinic) not D2 agonists like levodopa or bromocriptine b/c they allow psychosis to reemerge

Parkinson’s is treated with levodopa/carbidopa or bromocriptine (as well as selegiline) and benztropine can also be used (to curb disinhibited ACh actvitity)

48
Q

bronchoaveolar lavage of the lungs of a patient with sarcoidosis will have an abnormal predominance of what cell type

A

CD4+ cells

49
Q

what are the relative values of calcium and PTH compared to normal in osteoporosis

A

both Ca2+ and PTH are normal;
the loss in bone density and interconnections is due to increased bone resoprtion/decreased bone formation due to other causes

50
Q

what kinds of molecules are c-Jun and c-Fos

A

nuclear transcription factors that bind DNA and promote oncogenic activity when mutated

51
Q

the oxidative part of the HMP shunt (involving G6PD-mediated generation of NADPH) is most important for what sites in the body

A

adrenal cortex, mammary glands, liver and RBCs (sites of fatty acid or steroid synthesis)

52
Q

cauda equina syndrome involves damage to what nerve roots

A

S2-S4

53
Q

anal wink reflex (anocutaneous reflex) is mediated by what nerve root

A

S4

54
Q

which drugs prolong QT?

of these drugs which has the lowest risk of torsades de pointe?

A

Class 1A (quinidine, procainimide, disopyramide) and Class III (amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, and sotolol)

of these amiodarone is associated with a low incidence of Torsades

55
Q

BRAF is associated with what cancer

A

oncogene associated with melanoma

note: p16 is a tumor suppressor associated with melanoma

56
Q

you want to treat your patient for an allergic rash, but your patient has a medical history of poor vision and frequent falls; what would you use

A

second generation anti-histamines (fexofenadine, loratadine, desloratadine, and certirizine) have less antimuscarinic (blurry vision), less sedative, and less antiadrenergic (postural dizziness) effects