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Uworld added 4 Flashcards

1
Q

LES tone, Esophageal motility in CREST

A

Lower LES tone, Decr motiity

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2
Q

Effect of incr ACTH on adrenals

A

Hyperplasia of Zona Fasciculata

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3
Q

When is separation anxiety normal

A

12-18 months of age

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4
Q

Pyocianin

A

Kills competing bugs and pulmonary cells

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5
Q

Why ED in liver disease

A

Hyperestrogenism –> Hypogonadism –> Low testosterone

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6
Q

Specific therapy shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance (IRDS)

A

Nitric Oxide

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7
Q

What is normal in ARDS

A

Left Atrial Pressure (PCWP)

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8
Q

Pathophys of ARDS

A

Endothelial cell damage (cytokines, PMN’s)

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9
Q

Analgesic nephropathy

A

Marked thickening of vasa recta capillaries and intermittent tubular necrosis

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10
Q

Responsible for signs and symptoms of gout

A

PMN’s engulf urate crystals after IgG binding

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11
Q

Cell transformation

A

Loses ability to regulate growth

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12
Q

Phentoamine MOA

A

Alpha antagonist (reversible)

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13
Q

Anticholinergic symptoms

A

Hot as a hare, Dry as a bone, Red as a beet, Blind as a bat, Mad as a hatter

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14
Q

Feature of Burkitt Lymphoma cells

A

Prominent lipid vacuoles

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15
Q

Peripheral smear of CML

A

Leukocytosis with many immature myeloid cells

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16
Q

Clefted lymphocytes

A

Centrocytes = Follicular lymphoma

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17
Q

Rosacea

A

Easy flushing –> Persistent erythema, telangiectasia, sensitivity to sunlight

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18
Q

Most common organism in endometritis

A

Bacteroides (postpartum), Chlamydia less commonly

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19
Q

Nummular exema

A

Most commonly from xerosis –> Pruritic, coin-shaped, erhythematous patches

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20
Q

Psoriasis seems to be triggered by

A

Smoking, Weather change, Stress

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21
Q

Vasomotor rhinitis

A

Chornic nasal congestions that worsens with abrupt change sin temp or exposure to odors or alcohol

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22
Q

Deep fascia of penis surrounding corpora cavernosa and spongiosum

A

Buck’s

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23
Q

Binasal hemianopsia

A

Bilateral pressure on optic chiasm - Atherosclerosis of internal carotids

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24
Q

Innervation of Levator Scapulae

A

Dorsal Scapular

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25
Q

Innervation of Pec Minor

A

Medial Pectoral N

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26
Q

How is saliva modified on excretion

A

Na, Cl reabsorbed; K, HCO3 secreted

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27
Q

Adjustment disorder vs Acute Stress Disorder

A

In AD, no flashbacks or nightmares and typically emotional stress caused rather than life-threatening event (rarely last >6 mo)

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28
Q

Schizophrenia is >2 of …

A

Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech/behavior, Negative sx

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29
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Maladaptive behavior characterized by magical thinking, odd beliefs; Usually no auditory hallucinations

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30
Q

Acanthomoeba

A

Fatal encephalitis in AIDS/immunocompromised - mass similar to Toxo

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31
Q

Urine darkens upon standing in sunlight

A

AIP (during attack)

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32
Q

Features of pleural exudate

A

(1) Pleural fluid protein/serum protein >0.5; (2) Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH >0.6; or (3) Pleural fluid LDH > 2/3 upper limit normal serum LDH

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33
Q

Low glucose in pleural fluid

A

Malignancy or infection

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34
Q

Osmotic Fragility Test

A

Spherocytes more fragile (SA/volume), Sickle Cell/Thalassemia less fragile

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35
Q

Burr cells (echinocytes)

A

Uremia or Pyruvate Kinase deficiency

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36
Q

Complications of Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Pigment Gallstones, Aplastic Crises from Parvo B19

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37
Q

HSphero after splenectomy

A

Infections, Thrombosis

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38
Q

Sodium and Glucose osmotic relationship

A

Serum sodium drops 1.6 mEq/L for every 100mg/dL rise in blood glucose

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39
Q

Timepoint for early male vs femal differentiation of external genitalia

A

10 weeks

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40
Q

Postmortem clots vs thrombi

A

Bright purple to red, gelatinous; Not attached to vessel wall, lack lines of Zahn

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41
Q

Gastrin receptor on Parietal Cells

A

CCK2

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42
Q

Palmitoylation

A

FA’s are covalently anchored to plasma membrane cysteine residues –> Incr hydrophobicity; Many GPCR’s exhibit this anchoring

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43
Q

Changes in HR, LVESV after Nitroglycerin

A

HR incr, LVESV decreased (decr stroke work = lower ratio of MVO2:Coronary BF)

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44
Q

Allelic vs Genetic heterogeneity

A

Allelic = different mutations in same gene; Genetic = Mutations in different genes

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45
Q

Phenotypic heterogeneity

A

Mutations in same gene result in different phenotypes

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46
Q

DMD vs BMD is blank hetergeneity

A

Allelic

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47
Q

Clemastine

A

Selective H1 blocker for allergic rhinitis or urticaria but not asthma (H4)

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48
Q

Serotonin causes vaso…

A

Constriction

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49
Q

Indirect ELISA

A

Detect specific antibodies in pt serum

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50
Q

Most bacterial efflux pumps work by

A

Moving protons along concentration gradient out of cell coupled with expelling antibiotic

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51
Q

Chromosome 4

A

ADPKD (PKD2), Huntingtons

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52
Q

Chromosome 5

A

Cri-du-chat, FAP

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53
Q

Chromosome 7

A

Williams, Cystic Fibrosis

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54
Q

Chromosome 9

A

Freidreich Ataxia

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55
Q

Chromosome 13

A

Patau, Wilson disease

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56
Q

Chromosome 16

A

ADPKD (PKD1)

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57
Q

Chromosome 17

A

NF1 (NR17)

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58
Q

Proteins destined for ER possess

A

N-terminal peptide sequence (15-20 hydrophobic AA’s) –> Recognized by SRP –> Fed into RER

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59
Q

Hydrops Fetalis

A

Hb Barts (4 nonfunctional globin loci), Parvovirus B19, Rh disease, etc

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60
Q

Abnormally low Testosterone in Seminiferous Tubules, Epididymis

A

Sertoli cell dysfunction (ABP) –> Necessary to maintain high testosterone locally

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61
Q

What gland is responsible for hyperhidrosis (palms, soles, axillae)

A

SNS (cholinergic though) –> T2 sympathetic ganglia for axillary hyperhidrosis

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62
Q

Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion –>

A

Tarsal muscle, Lacrimal gland, Radial muscle of iris, All salivary glands

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63
Q

Red safranin O

A

cartilage, mast cell granules, mucin

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64
Q

PAF actions

A

IP3 –> Ca –> Bronchoconstriction, Vasoconstriction, Platelet aggregation

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65
Q

Low levels PAF

A

NO –> GC –> cGMP –> Vasodilator that promotes leukocyte adhesion; diapedesis, degranulation, oxidative burst

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66
Q

How does Prostacyclin inhibit platelet function

A

Incr cAMP by stimulating AC

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67
Q

Epidermoid cysts

A

Keratin-filled, cystic papules - not actually from sebaceous glands

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68
Q

Slope of Lineweaver Burk

A

Km/Vmax

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69
Q

Rigidity of Chlamydia wall

A

Lack peptidoglycan – Cysteine-rich outer membrane with S-S bridges

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70
Q

First generation Sulfonylureas

A

Chlorpropamide, Tolbutamide

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71
Q

GLP-1 analogs

A

Exenatide, Liraglutide

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72
Q

Amylin analogs

A

Pramlintide

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73
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitor

A

Canaglifozin

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74
Q

Compact vs spongy

A

Outer shell vs Inner cancellous trabeculae

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75
Q

Woven vs Lamellar bone

A

Woven is immature (often pathologic in adult)

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76
Q

Bony callus is composed of

A

Flexible hyaline cartilage

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77
Q

Lynch syndrome cancers

A

Colorectal, Endometrial

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78
Q

FAP cancers

A

Colorectal, Brain, Desmoids/osteomas

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79
Q

vHL cancers

A

Hemangioblastoma, Clear cell RCC, Pheo

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80
Q

MEN1 vs MEN2 gene

A

MEN1 is tumor suppressor (menin); MEN2 is proto-oncogene (RET)

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81
Q

Papoviruses

A

Polyoma and Papilloma

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82
Q

All DNA viruses replicate in blank expect blank

A

Nucleus, exc Pox

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83
Q

All DNA viruses are linear except

A

Papilloma, Polyoma, Hepadna

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84
Q

*-ssRNA virus that carries own RNA polymerase

A

Paramyxovirus

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85
Q

Pontiac Fever

A

self-limited flu-like illness from Legionella

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86
Q

Colloid goiter

A

Diffuse, nontoxic goiter

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87
Q

Achalasia is due to

A

Aperistalsis in distal esophagus and hypertensive LES unable to relax

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88
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Only repitition impaired

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89
Q

Unmyelinated neurons (Group C)

A

(1) Autonomic postganglionic; (2) Heat afferents; (3) Afferents of dull, burning, visceral pain

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90
Q

Delusional disorder

A

> 1 delusion for >1 mo; Ability to function apart from delusion

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91
Q

Standard Error

A

SD / sqrt(n)

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92
Q

Lassa Fever is transmitted by

A

Rodent urine

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93
Q

Loading of MHC 1 vs 2

A

1 is shuttled to RER and loaded with antigen presented by TAP; 2 is shuttled to endosome with Invariant chain

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94
Q

CD1

A

Present lipid-containing foreign antigens to CD1-specific T cells

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95
Q

Extrinsic toxins causing ATN

A

Aminoglycosides, Amph B, Contrast dye, Heavy metals

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96
Q

Callus

A

Painless thickening of stratum corneum

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97
Q

Cut section of PCOS ovary

A

Subcapsular folicles in diff stages of atresia rimmed by hyperplastic theca stromal cells

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98
Q

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency

A

Isolated T lymphocyte deficiency

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99
Q

APRT deficiency

A

Purine salvage def (Adenine to AMP) => Hyperuricemia, Adenine stone urolithiasis

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100
Q

Block aminoacyl-tRNA access to 30S

A

Tetracyclines

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101
Q

Blocks peptidyltransferase action on 50S

A

Chloramphenicol

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102
Q

Pyromycin MOA

A

analog to amionacyl-tRNA

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103
Q

Direct Cholinomimetics

A

Bethenachol, Carbachol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine

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104
Q

GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors are used in

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome

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105
Q

Origin of germ cells

A

Posterior Yolk Sac –> Gonadal ridge during 5th/6th wk of development (may stray)

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106
Q

Heart defects in DiGeorge

A

Conotruncal - Truncus, Tetrology, Interrupted aortic arch

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107
Q

Lipoxin A4, B4

A

Decr leukocyte recruitment

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108
Q

PGD2/E2

A

Vasodilation, Inc vascular permeability

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109
Q

FSGS is often associated with

A

HIV, Heroin, Sickle cell

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110
Q

Collapsing Glomerulopathy

A

HIV –> FSFS variant

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111
Q

HoxA-13

A

Hand-Foot-Genital Syndrome

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112
Q

MUDPILES

A

Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Propylene Glycol, INH/Iron, Lactic Acidosis, Ethylene Glycol, Salicylates

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113
Q

At constant contractility, max velocity of skeletal muscle contraction increases as

A

Afterload (force against which it must contract) decreases

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114
Q

Acute leukemia presents as

A

Pancytopenia

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115
Q

Glucagon vs Octreotide on splanchnic flow

A

Glucagon vasodilates, Octreotide vasconstricts and diverts to caval

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116
Q

tRNA D arm vs TWC loop

A

D arm facilitates correct AA pairing; T arm necessary to bind to ribosomes

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117
Q

Which is slanted: TOF for depolarizing or non-depolarizing?

A

Slanted for non-depolarizing (Tubucurarine, Phase 2 succinylcholine)

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118
Q

Ribavirin MOA

A

(1) Hypermutates; (2) Inhibit IMP DH - depletes GTP; (3) Inhibit HCV RNA polymerase; (4) Inhibit 5’ cap; (5) Enhance Th1 immunity

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119
Q

When is RBC Cl content highest

A

Venous blood (CO2 –> HCO3 –> Exchanged for Cl)

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120
Q

Scala tympani/vestibuli vs scala media

A

Tympani/vestibuli have high Na content (perilymph); Media high K content (endolymph)

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121
Q

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

A

Parkinsonism (midbrain, frontal subcortical white matter) –> Rapid gait dysfunction, Falls, Executive fxn loss, Vertical gaze palsy –> Tau proteins

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122
Q

Absent matrix protein in measles

A

Mediates mature viron particle formation –> Absent can lead to SSPE

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123
Q

From what is alanine formed in muscle

A

Pyruvate + NH2-

124
Q

Glutamine in kidneys

A

Glutaminase –> Glutamate and NH3/NH4+

125
Q

Murmurs that incr with Decr Preload and Afterload

A

Valsalva/Abrupt standing –> MVP and HCM decr (LV volume decr)

126
Q

Murmurs that incr with Handgrip

A

AR, MR, VSD (incr LV and aortic pressure)

127
Q

Murmurs that decr with Handgrip

A

HCM (incr LV volume), AS (decr transvalvular gradient)

128
Q

Germ layer of Bladder, Urethra

129
Q

Germ layer of middle ear

130
Q

Germ layer of lungs

131
Q

Germ layer of Internal Genitalia

132
Q

Germ layer of Kidney, Ureters

A

Mesoderm (vs bladder, urethra are endoderm)

133
Q

Germ layer of Adrenal Cortex vs Medulla

A

Cortex is mesoderm, Medulla is NC

134
Q

Primitive streak

A

Thickening of epiblast that appears cadually and grows cranially

135
Q

Epiblast cells that undergo EMT

A

Migrate down to become mesoderm and endoderm

136
Q

B vs Power

A

B is probability of committing type 2 error; Power is 1-B, the probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is truly false

137
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndromes are characterized by

A

Ineffective hematopoeisis and cell maturation defects (BM shows dysplastic differentiation among all non-lymphoid lineages)

138
Q

How far do cilia extend in respiratory tree? Goblet cells?

A

Goblet cells end in segmental bronchus, cilia extend thru terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles (in order to sweep mucus back up)

139
Q

Bronchioles (vs Bronchi) generally lack

A

Goblet cells, Glands, and Cartilage

140
Q

CD16

A

Low-affinity Fc receptor on NK cells, PMNs, Macrophages

141
Q

Tumor suppressor or proto-oncogene: APC, WT1, vHL?

A

All tumor suppressors

142
Q

EGFR inhibitors are used for

A

Non-small cell lung cancer

143
Q

D-glutamic acid capsule

A

B anthracis

144
Q

Require NADPH as cofactor

A

FA, Cholesterol, Steroid synthesis; Drug metabolism

145
Q

Selection bias

A

Non-random selection, or Selective attrition of participatns

146
Q

Haldane effect

A

Incr O2 binding –> Incr CO2 and H+ unloading

147
Q

Cofactor for ALA synthase

148
Q

CD18 deficiency

A

Leukocyte adhesion –> Skin infections WITHOUT pus, Delayed separation

149
Q

C3 vs C4 in PSGN

A

C3 low, C4 normal

150
Q

Hemoglobin Bart

A

Gamma 4 - Homozygous alpha thal

151
Q

Location of N-acetylglutamate Synthase

A

Liver mitochondria (urea cycle)

152
Q

Asparagine is formed from

A

Glutamine transfers to Aspartate

153
Q

Etoposide vs Irinotecan vs Topotecan

A

Etoposide is Topo 2; Others are 1

154
Q

Topo 1 vs 2

A

1 makes ss nicks; 2 makes ds nikcs

155
Q

Etoposide MOA

A

Podophyllin –> Seal ds nicks

156
Q

Positive and Negative LR

A

LR+ = Sensitivity/(1-specificity); LR- = (1-sensitivity)/Specificity

157
Q

Incidence and mortality of top 3 cancers in women

A

Incidence is Breast, Lung, Colon; Mortality is Lung, Breast Colon

158
Q

AE of Ticlopidine

A

Neutropenia

159
Q

Reverse T3 is generated from

A

Peripheral conversion of T4

160
Q

Where is GTP formed in CAC

A

Succinyl-CoA –> Succinate

161
Q

First does of ACEi

A

Hypotension –> Predisposed with hyponatremia, hypovolemia (diuretics), high renin/aldosterone, renal impairment, heart failure

162
Q

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma cells are

A

Large, Overlapping nuclei, Finely dispersed chromatin, Intranuclear inclusions and grooves

163
Q

Length Constant

A

(Space constant) - Measure of how far along axon an electical impulse can propogate

164
Q

Time Constant

A

Time it takes for change in membrane potential to achieve 63% of new value (lower = incr speed)

165
Q

Bluish neoplasm under nail bed

A
  1. Glomangioma; 2. Melanoma
166
Q

Glomus bodies

A

Neurovascular organs in dermis - Thermoregulation

167
Q

E6 and E7

A

HPV - E6 inhibits p53, E7 binds Rb

168
Q

Right Nasal Hemiopia

A

Aneurysm or Atherosclerotic calcification of Internal Carotid impinging upon optic chiasm

169
Q

Lipoid acid is involved in

A

(1) Decarboxylation of a-Keta Acids; (2) Transfer of alkyl groups

170
Q

Citrullinemia

A

Deficiency of Arginosuccinate Synthetase

171
Q

Effect of Hyperammonemia on neurons

A

(1) Deplete Glutamate and a-KG; (2) Incr Glutamine = Hyperosmolarity, Mito dysfxn

172
Q

Oxindole

A

Elevated in hepatic encephalopathy

173
Q

Enterovirus vs Picornavirus

A

All picorna are entero except Rhinovirus

174
Q

Naked ssDNA virus

A

Parvovirus

175
Q

Lesions very characteristic of Histoplasmosis

A

Ulcerated lesions of tongue

176
Q

Phlegmasia Alba Dolens

A

(milk leg) = Iliofemoral venous thrombosis in peripartum women

177
Q

Dystrophic calcifications occurs where

178
Q

Heart assocations with Down’s

A

Ostium Primum ASD, Regurgitant AV valves

179
Q

Heart associations with DiGeorge

A

Tetrology, Aortic Arch anomalies

180
Q

Heart associations with Friedreich’s Ataxia

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

181
Q

Heart associations with Marfan’s

A

Cystic medial necrosis of aorta

182
Q

Most serious long term effect of chloroquine

A

Retinopathy

183
Q

Mesenteric Adenitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica - Pseudoappendicitis (5-14)

184
Q

Pacinian vs Ruffini corpuscles

A

Both myelinated Abeta fibers; Both tough, proprioception, vibration; Pacinian are rapidly adapting, Ruffini are slow

185
Q

Tranexamic Acid

A

Like Aminocaproic acid, inhibits fibrinolysis

186
Q

Leukoerythroblastic Peripheral Smear

A

Nucleated red cells, Immature white’s = Bone marrow fibrosis or met cancer

187
Q

Hepatoblastoma is associated with

A

FAP or Beckwith-Wiedeman

188
Q

Most vulnerable areas of CNS to hypoxemia

A

(1) Pyramidal cells of Hippocampus and neocortex; (2) Purkinje cells of cerebelllum

189
Q

Chronic rejection of lung transplant vs kidney

A

Inflammation of small bronchioles vs inflammation of vasculature in kidney

190
Q

NO is synthesized by

A

Arginine + O2

191
Q

Decreased activity of bacterial catalase peroxidase

A

Isoniazid resistance

192
Q

Eggshell calcifications and birefringent particles surrounded by fibrous tissue

193
Q

Berylliosis manifestation

A

Non-caseating granulomas without obvious particles

194
Q

Too much IgA

A

Risk of N meningitidis

195
Q

Conditions with Pulsus Paradoxus

A

COPD, Asthma, PE, Cardiac Tamponade, Constrictive Pericarditis

196
Q

Injury causing Obturator n injury

A

Anterior Hip Dislocation, Iatrogenic

197
Q

When are S3 and S4 normal

A

S3 in children, young adults, pregnancy; S4 in healthy older adults

198
Q

ERBB1 is associated with

A

SCC of lung

199
Q

ERBB2 associated with

A

Breast and Ovarian Cancer

200
Q

Receptor for CMV

201
Q

Receptor for Rabies

202
Q

Receptor for Rhinovirus

A

ICAM1 (CD54)

203
Q

Meningitis is infants >3mo

A

Strep pneumo, N meningitidis

204
Q

MacConkey’s is selective for

A

Gram negatives

205
Q

Use of Fenfluramine, Dexfenfluramine, and Phentermine for >3mo –>

A

Pulmonary HTN

206
Q

When does BP first fall in Pulmonary HTN

207
Q

Ligament forming posterior wall of spinal canal

208
Q

Rb chromosome

209
Q

Cholinergic innervation to blood vessels

A

No innervation to wall –> M receptors on endothelial cells –> Release NO (endothelium-derived relaxation factor)

210
Q

NO –> cGMP –>

211
Q

Absolute contraindications to OCPs

A

Thromboembolic event, Stroke, Estrogen-dependent tumor, >35 and smoke, HyperTG, Liver disease, Pregnancy

212
Q

Onset of DT timeline

A

48-72 hours (SNS hyperactivity, hallucinations, confusion)

213
Q

Location of instussuseption

A

Ileocolic junction

214
Q

Age >2 with intussuception

A

Look for lead point

215
Q

Age of MMR vaccination

A

12-15 months

216
Q

Diagnosis of Granuloma inguinale? Painful lesion?

A

Klebsiella inguinale –> Donovan bodies –> Initial lesion not painful

217
Q

Diagnosis of Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

Intracytoplasmic chlamydial inclusion bodies

218
Q

Donovanosis if untreated

A

Elephantitis

219
Q

Treatment of Focal Seizures

A

Carb, Gaba, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin

220
Q

Treatment of Generalized seizures (TC and Myoclonic)

A

Lamotrigene, Levetiracetam, Topiramate, Valproic Acid

221
Q

Myoclonic seizures

A

Generalized, No loss of consciousness or postictal state

222
Q

Fluphenazine

A

DA antagonist - Tourette’s

223
Q

Metyrapone

A

Blocks 11-B-Hydroxylase –> Lack of pituitary feedback –> Incr ACTH

224
Q

Autoimmune Hypophysitis

A

ACUTE (vs Sheehan which is more subacute/chronic) - Cortisol def, Visual field defects

225
Q

Histology of Dubin Johnson

A

Although grossly black, histology may be relatively normal, with epinephrine metabolites in lysosomes

226
Q

Most patients on Amiodarone can expect at least one of:

A

Hepatitis, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Thyroid, Blue-gray skin, Corneal micro-depositis - Holy Fuck, This Blows Cock

227
Q

Blank contracts behind food bolus to initiate peristaltic cascade

A

Cricopharyngeus

228
Q

Cricopharyngeal dysfunction

A

Failure of relaxation during swallowing –> Choking of “food sticking”

229
Q

Among acute viral exanthems, which have maculopapular rash that begins on face and spreads to trunk/extremities

A

Measles and Rubella

230
Q

Compared to measles, rash of rubella typically

A

Spreads faster, doesn’t coalesce or darken

231
Q

Roseola Infanatum

A

HHV6 - Transient rash on trunk and chest a few days after fever subsides

232
Q

Colorado tick fever

A

Fever, vomitting, myalgias, weakness

233
Q

Paneth cells

A

Base of intestinal crypts –> Phagocytic and secretory properties

234
Q

Which insulin binds albumin

235
Q

Infections causing pancreatitis

A

Mumps, Coxsackie, Mycoplasma

236
Q

Drugs causing pancreatitis

A

Azathioprine, Sulfasalazine, Furosemide, Valproic acid

237
Q

Incr oxalate in urine is associated with

A

Intestinal malabsorption syndromes (eg Crohn’s)

238
Q

In addition to Na and GABA actions, Valproate blocks

239
Q

High AV concentration gradient of anesthetic

A

More extracted from arterial blood –> More must be absorbed to saturate blood and then brain –> Slower onset of action

240
Q

Type of beta blockers that can cause hyperkalemia

A

B2 (nonselective)

241
Q

Myocardium can endure ischemia for how long without serious irreversible consequences

A

20-30 minutes

242
Q

Congenital cataracts, Deafness, PDA

A

Congenital Rubella

243
Q

Trochanteric Bursitis

A

Chronic, intermittent pain in grown that radiates to lateral thigh

244
Q

Muscle biopsy of ALS

A

Denervation atrophy = Small angular fibers; Fiber grouping, Group atrophy, Target fibers

245
Q

EMG of ALSO

A

Polyphasic or Giant motor unit potentials

246
Q

Fibrillations vs Fasciculations

A

Fibrillations are from individual fibers on EMG; Fasciculations appear as ripple on surface

247
Q

Parvovirus in adults

A

Mimics RA, but is transient

248
Q

Mechanisms of AD therapy

A

(1) Incr ACh; (2) Anti-oxidant; (3) NMDA block

249
Q

Donepazil

A

AChEsterase inhibitor

250
Q

Memantine

A

NMDA antagonist for Alzheimer’s

251
Q

Primary vs secondary follicles

A

Primary are dense/dormant; Secondary are pale and germinal

252
Q

LN Medullary cords vs sinuses

A

Cords contain B cells, plasma cells, mac’s; Sinuses contain reticular cells and macrophages

253
Q

CN III courses between what as it leaves midbrain

A

PCA and Superior Cerebellar arteries

254
Q

Refsum Disease

A

Peroxisome alpha oxidation impaired –> CNS probs from accumulated Phyntanic acid

255
Q

Where does Ketogenesis occur?

A

Mitochondria

256
Q

CD34 stains

A

Endothelium

257
Q

TGF-a

A

Predominantly secreted be carcinomas –> Epithelial growth stimulator

258
Q

Back pain relieved by siting and bending forward

A

Spinal stenosis

259
Q

Back pain relieved by exercise but not rest w/ prolonged morning stiffness

A

Ankylosing Spondylitis

260
Q

Femoral head osteonecrosis in children

A

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

261
Q

N meningitidis is most commonly treated with

262
Q

First line for Strep pneumo

A

Ceftriaxone

263
Q

Low potency first gen anti-psychotic side effects

A

Anti-H, Anti-ACh, Anti-a1

264
Q

Lesion to Anterior Medial Pons

A

Ipsilateral CNV; Contralateral ataxic hemiparesis

265
Q

Only CN that decussates

A

Trochlear (CN IV)

266
Q

Causes of Hyperuricemia

A

Pyrazinamide, Thiazides, Furosemide, Niacine, Cyclosporine - Painful Tophi and Feet Need Care

267
Q

Necrolytic Migratory Erythema + Diabetes

A

Glucagonoma

268
Q

Elevated urine what in Neuroblastoma

269
Q

Fecal mononuclear leukocytes in diarrheal illness

A

Salmonella Typhi

270
Q

Vibrio cholera vs Campylobacter jejuni

A

V cholera grows on alkaline selective media; Campylobacter is microaerophilic and thermophilic

271
Q

Diarrhea with peripheral eosinophilia

A

Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Ascaris, Toxocarna, Trichinella (not Giardia or Entamoeba)

272
Q

Genetic Dilated CM is due to

A

Cytoskeletal or mitochondrial abnormalities

273
Q

Periportal Hepatic Fibrosis

A

Chronic viral hepatitis

274
Q

Methylmalonic Acidemia

A

Deficiency of Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase (B12)

275
Q

Vitamin required for transamination reactions

276
Q

Kidney stones requiring high pH

A

Struvite, Calcium Phosphate

277
Q

Sensation to external auditory meatus

A

Mostly CNV, except for posterior wall (vagus)

278
Q

Polyol pathway

A

Glucose –> Sorbitol –> Fructose

279
Q

Aldose Reductase converts sugars to

A

Corresponding sugar alcohols

280
Q

E coli that doesn’t ferment sorbitol or produce glucoronidase

A

O157:H7 shiga-toxin-producing

281
Q

Toxins that activate Guanylate Cyclase

A

ETEC, Yersinia enterocolitica

282
Q

Ustekinumab

A

IL-12, IL-23 (psoriasis) –> Inhibits differentiation of Th1, Th17

283
Q

Statins plus Cholestyramine

A

Dose 4 hours apart

284
Q

Innervation by Superior Laryngeal N

A

External –> Cryothyroid; Internal –> Sensory above vocal cords

285
Q

Dysplasia vs Carcinoma

A

Reversible

286
Q

Low vs High Grade Dysplasia

A

Full thickness of epithelium

287
Q

High grade dysplasia =

A

Carcinoma in situ

288
Q

Blank –> P-late Rb –> Blank

A

Cyclin D/CDK4, Cyclin E/CDK6 –> P-late Rb –> Releases E2F –> G1 to S

289
Q

p27

A

Cell cycle inhibitor that binds cyclin-dependent kinases

290
Q

What causes green color of pus in pneumonia

A

MPO from neutrophils

291
Q

IgG4 antibodies to PLA2R in podocytes

A

Membranous Nephropathy

292
Q

NOD2 mutation

A

Crohn’s (activates NFKB)

293
Q

Axonal reaction

A

Neuron 24-58 hrs after axon severed = (1) Swollen, rounded; (2) Displaced nucleus; (3) Nissl dispersed

294
Q

Parvovirus tropism

A

Globoside (P antigen)

295
Q

Ability to detect a difference when one exists

296
Q

Indicator of Mitral Regurg severity

A

Presence of S3

297
Q

When does MV mid systolic click occur earlier

A

Decr LV volume

298
Q

Cyclophosphamide requires blank to function

A

Bioactivation by 450

299
Q

6-MP is activated by? Inactivated by?

A

Activated by HGPRT, Inactivated by Xanthine Oxidase

300
Q

CMV treatment that causes seizures, hypoCa, hypoMg

301
Q

bHCG threshold

A

8 days serum, 14 days urine

302
Q

Linear Regression vs Correlation Coefficienct

A

Correlation coefficient only produces single number describing strength and magnitude of association

303
Q

Linear Regression vs Correlation Coefficienct

A

Correlation coefficient only produces single number describing strength and magnitude of association

304
Q

Estrogen and TBG

A

Decreases catabolism of TBG

305
Q

Estrogen and TBG

A

Decreases catabolism of TBG

306
Q

Speed of Hb movement during electrophoresis

A

HbA > HbS > HbC

Uworld (16 decks)

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