Uworld added 4 Flashcards
LES tone, Esophageal motility in CREST
Lower LES tone, Decr motiity
Effect of incr ACTH on adrenals
Hyperplasia of Zona Fasciculata
When is separation anxiety normal
12-18 months of age
Pyocianin
Kills competing bugs and pulmonary cells
Why ED in liver disease
Hyperestrogenism –> Hypogonadism –> Low testosterone
Specific therapy shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance (IRDS)
Nitric Oxide
What is normal in ARDS
Left Atrial Pressure (PCWP)
Pathophys of ARDS
Endothelial cell damage (cytokines, PMN’s)
Analgesic nephropathy
Marked thickening of vasa recta capillaries and intermittent tubular necrosis
Responsible for signs and symptoms of gout
PMN’s engulf urate crystals after IgG binding
Cell transformation
Loses ability to regulate growth
Phentoamine MOA
Alpha antagonist (reversible)
Anticholinergic symptoms
Hot as a hare, Dry as a bone, Red as a beet, Blind as a bat, Mad as a hatter
Feature of Burkitt Lymphoma cells
Prominent lipid vacuoles
Peripheral smear of CML
Leukocytosis with many immature myeloid cells
Clefted lymphocytes
Centrocytes = Follicular lymphoma
Rosacea
Easy flushing –> Persistent erythema, telangiectasia, sensitivity to sunlight
Most common organism in endometritis
Bacteroides (postpartum), Chlamydia less commonly
Nummular exema
Most commonly from xerosis –> Pruritic, coin-shaped, erhythematous patches
Psoriasis seems to be triggered by
Smoking, Weather change, Stress
Vasomotor rhinitis
Chornic nasal congestions that worsens with abrupt change sin temp or exposure to odors or alcohol
Deep fascia of penis surrounding corpora cavernosa and spongiosum
Buck’s
Binasal hemianopsia
Bilateral pressure on optic chiasm - Atherosclerosis of internal carotids
Innervation of Levator Scapulae
Dorsal Scapular
Innervation of Pec Minor
Medial Pectoral N
How is saliva modified on excretion
Na, Cl reabsorbed; K, HCO3 secreted
Adjustment disorder vs Acute Stress Disorder
In AD, no flashbacks or nightmares and typically emotional stress caused rather than life-threatening event (rarely last >6 mo)
Schizophrenia is >2 of …
Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech/behavior, Negative sx
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Maladaptive behavior characterized by magical thinking, odd beliefs; Usually no auditory hallucinations
Acanthomoeba
Fatal encephalitis in AIDS/immunocompromised - mass similar to Toxo
Urine darkens upon standing in sunlight
AIP (during attack)
Features of pleural exudate
(1) Pleural fluid protein/serum protein >0.5; (2) Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH >0.6; or (3) Pleural fluid LDH > 2/3 upper limit normal serum LDH
Low glucose in pleural fluid
Malignancy or infection
Osmotic Fragility Test
Spherocytes more fragile (SA/volume), Sickle Cell/Thalassemia less fragile
Burr cells (echinocytes)
Uremia or Pyruvate Kinase deficiency
Complications of Hereditary Spherocytosis
Pigment Gallstones, Aplastic Crises from Parvo B19
HSphero after splenectomy
Infections, Thrombosis
Sodium and Glucose osmotic relationship
Serum sodium drops 1.6 mEq/L for every 100mg/dL rise in blood glucose
Timepoint for early male vs femal differentiation of external genitalia
10 weeks
Postmortem clots vs thrombi
Bright purple to red, gelatinous; Not attached to vessel wall, lack lines of Zahn
Gastrin receptor on Parietal Cells
CCK2
Palmitoylation
FA’s are covalently anchored to plasma membrane cysteine residues –> Incr hydrophobicity; Many GPCR’s exhibit this anchoring
Changes in HR, LVESV after Nitroglycerin
HR incr, LVESV decreased (decr stroke work = lower ratio of MVO2:Coronary BF)
Allelic vs Genetic heterogeneity
Allelic = different mutations in same gene; Genetic = Mutations in different genes
Phenotypic heterogeneity
Mutations in same gene result in different phenotypes
DMD vs BMD is blank hetergeneity
Allelic
Clemastine
Selective H1 blocker for allergic rhinitis or urticaria but not asthma (H4)
Serotonin causes vaso…
Constriction
Indirect ELISA
Detect specific antibodies in pt serum
Most bacterial efflux pumps work by
Moving protons along concentration gradient out of cell coupled with expelling antibiotic
Chromosome 4
ADPKD (PKD2), Huntingtons
Chromosome 5
Cri-du-chat, FAP
Chromosome 7
Williams, Cystic Fibrosis
Chromosome 9
Freidreich Ataxia
Chromosome 13
Patau, Wilson disease
Chromosome 16
ADPKD (PKD1)
Chromosome 17
NF1 (NR17)
Proteins destined for ER possess
N-terminal peptide sequence (15-20 hydrophobic AA’s) –> Recognized by SRP –> Fed into RER
Hydrops Fetalis
Hb Barts (4 nonfunctional globin loci), Parvovirus B19, Rh disease, etc
Abnormally low Testosterone in Seminiferous Tubules, Epididymis
Sertoli cell dysfunction (ABP) –> Necessary to maintain high testosterone locally
What gland is responsible for hyperhidrosis (palms, soles, axillae)
SNS (cholinergic though) –> T2 sympathetic ganglia for axillary hyperhidrosis
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion –>
Tarsal muscle, Lacrimal gland, Radial muscle of iris, All salivary glands
Red safranin O
cartilage, mast cell granules, mucin
PAF actions
IP3 –> Ca –> Bronchoconstriction, Vasoconstriction, Platelet aggregation
Low levels PAF
NO –> GC –> cGMP –> Vasodilator that promotes leukocyte adhesion; diapedesis, degranulation, oxidative burst
How does Prostacyclin inhibit platelet function
Incr cAMP by stimulating AC
Epidermoid cysts
Keratin-filled, cystic papules - not actually from sebaceous glands
Slope of Lineweaver Burk
Km/Vmax
Rigidity of Chlamydia wall
Lack peptidoglycan – Cysteine-rich outer membrane with S-S bridges
First generation Sulfonylureas
Chlorpropamide, Tolbutamide
GLP-1 analogs
Exenatide, Liraglutide
Amylin analogs
Pramlintide
SGLT-2 inhibitor
Canaglifozin
Compact vs spongy
Outer shell vs Inner cancellous trabeculae
Woven vs Lamellar bone
Woven is immature (often pathologic in adult)
Bony callus is composed of
Flexible hyaline cartilage
Lynch syndrome cancers
Colorectal, Endometrial
FAP cancers
Colorectal, Brain, Desmoids/osteomas
vHL cancers
Hemangioblastoma, Clear cell RCC, Pheo
MEN1 vs MEN2 gene
MEN1 is tumor suppressor (menin); MEN2 is proto-oncogene (RET)
Papoviruses
Polyoma and Papilloma
All DNA viruses replicate in blank expect blank
Nucleus, exc Pox
All DNA viruses are linear except
Papilloma, Polyoma, Hepadna
*-ssRNA virus that carries own RNA polymerase
Paramyxovirus
Pontiac Fever
self-limited flu-like illness from Legionella
Colloid goiter
Diffuse, nontoxic goiter
Achalasia is due to
Aperistalsis in distal esophagus and hypertensive LES unable to relax
Conduction aphasia
Only repitition impaired
Unmyelinated neurons (Group C)
(1) Autonomic postganglionic; (2) Heat afferents; (3) Afferents of dull, burning, visceral pain
Delusional disorder
> 1 delusion for >1 mo; Ability to function apart from delusion
Standard Error
SD / sqrt(n)
Lassa Fever is transmitted by
Rodent urine
Loading of MHC 1 vs 2
1 is shuttled to RER and loaded with antigen presented by TAP; 2 is shuttled to endosome with Invariant chain
CD1
Present lipid-containing foreign antigens to CD1-specific T cells
Extrinsic toxins causing ATN
Aminoglycosides, Amph B, Contrast dye, Heavy metals
Callus
Painless thickening of stratum corneum
Cut section of PCOS ovary
Subcapsular folicles in diff stages of atresia rimmed by hyperplastic theca stromal cells
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
Isolated T lymphocyte deficiency
APRT deficiency
Purine salvage def (Adenine to AMP) => Hyperuricemia, Adenine stone urolithiasis
Block aminoacyl-tRNA access to 30S
Tetracyclines
Blocks peptidyltransferase action on 50S
Chloramphenicol
Pyromycin MOA
analog to amionacyl-tRNA
Direct Cholinomimetics
Bethenachol, Carbachol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine
GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors are used in
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Origin of germ cells
Posterior Yolk Sac –> Gonadal ridge during 5th/6th wk of development (may stray)
Heart defects in DiGeorge
Conotruncal - Truncus, Tetrology, Interrupted aortic arch
Lipoxin A4, B4
Decr leukocyte recruitment
PGD2/E2
Vasodilation, Inc vascular permeability
FSGS is often associated with
HIV, Heroin, Sickle cell
Collapsing Glomerulopathy
HIV –> FSFS variant
HoxA-13
Hand-Foot-Genital Syndrome
MUDPILES
Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Propylene Glycol, INH/Iron, Lactic Acidosis, Ethylene Glycol, Salicylates
At constant contractility, max velocity of skeletal muscle contraction increases as
Afterload (force against which it must contract) decreases
Acute leukemia presents as
Pancytopenia
Glucagon vs Octreotide on splanchnic flow
Glucagon vasodilates, Octreotide vasconstricts and diverts to caval
tRNA D arm vs TWC loop
D arm facilitates correct AA pairing; T arm necessary to bind to ribosomes
Which is slanted: TOF for depolarizing or non-depolarizing?
Slanted for non-depolarizing (Tubucurarine, Phase 2 succinylcholine)
Ribavirin MOA
(1) Hypermutates; (2) Inhibit IMP DH - depletes GTP; (3) Inhibit HCV RNA polymerase; (4) Inhibit 5’ cap; (5) Enhance Th1 immunity
When is RBC Cl content highest
Venous blood (CO2 –> HCO3 –> Exchanged for Cl)
Scala tympani/vestibuli vs scala media
Tympani/vestibuli have high Na content (perilymph); Media high K content (endolymph)
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Parkinsonism (midbrain, frontal subcortical white matter) –> Rapid gait dysfunction, Falls, Executive fxn loss, Vertical gaze palsy –> Tau proteins
Absent matrix protein in measles
Mediates mature viron particle formation –> Absent can lead to SSPE