Mixed Block Notes 8 Flashcards
46 XY with normal Leydig cells but total absence of Sertoli
Male external genitalia (DHT); Both Female and Male internal genitalia (need Sertoli to produce MIF)
Treatment of pinworm (Enterobius)
Albendazole
Diethylcarbamazine is used to treat
Loa Loa, Wuchereria bancrofti
Ivermectin is used to treat
Strongyloides, Onchocerciasis
Nifurtimox is used to treat
Trypanosomes, including Chagas
Praziquantel is used to treat
Schistosoma, Clonorchis, Tenia, Diphyllobothrium - Praise the SC TD
Don’t use colchicine in
Pregnancy, Renal dysfunction
Glucocorticoids inhibit what step of PG synthesis
LPA2
Preferred treatment of acute gouty arthritis in elderly or renal failure
Glucocorticoids
Specific inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase
Zileuton –> Inhibits LTB4, C4, D4, E4
Monteleukast MOA
LTD4 receptors
Stimulation of B1 receptors in heart causes what 3 effects:
(1) + Inotropy; (2) Weak + chronotropy; (3) Incr conduction velocity
FGF contributions
Angiogenesis, Embryonic development, Hematopoeisis, Wound repair
Incr LV diastolic pressure in paitent with suspect Mitral Stenosis
Aortic valve also dysfunctional
Mechanism of Ciguatoxin and Batrachotoxin
Binds Na channel, keeping it open –> persistent depolarization
Toxin that acts similarly to Tetrodotoxin
Saxitoxin
What increases solubility of cysteine
High pH - So risk of cystine stone with low pH
Cystine shares transporter with
Ornithine, Arginine, Lysine
OTC deficiency symptoms
Hyperammonemia, Mental retardation
Daptomycin is not effective in treating
Gram negatives; Pneumonia (surfactant)
Terbinafine MOA
Squalene Epoxidase
Effectiveness of Unfractionated Heparin vs LMWH
Unfractionated has equal activity against Factor Xa and Thrombin; LMWH has greater activity against Factor Xa than thrombin
How to separate Gamma hemolytic Strep’s
Enterococci is PYR+, Grows in bile and NaCl; Bovis is PYR-, grows in bile but not NaCl
How to separate Alpha hemolytic Strep
Viridans is Optochin resistant and Bile insoluble
Effect of TNFa on Insulin receptor
Phosphorylates serine residues of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 –> Decr activity
Phosphorylation of serine residues of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1
TNFa, Catecholamins, Glucocorticoids, Glucagon –> Insulin resistance
Papillary Thyroid cancer histology
Large cells w/ overlapping nuclei, Finely dispersed chromatin, Ground glass appearance = Orphan Annie
Benign follicular thyroid adenoma vs carcinoma
Invasion of vessels or capsule
Corneal reflex pathway
Nasociliary V1 –> Temporal branch of VII
Contents of Superior Orbital Fissue
CN III, V1 branches, CNIV, CNVI, Superior Ophthalmic veins
Bleeding in CKD patient
Uremic toxins –> Impair platelet aggregation
HIV Bloody diarrhea - Hemorrhagic polypoidal lesions, Spindle cells with surrounding blood vessel proliferation
Kaposi sarcoma
Chronic rejection of lung transplant
Small airways –> Bronchiolitis obliterans
Most common cause of elevated AFP
Dating error - Confirm with fetal US
Decreased Estriol on Triple Test
Placental insufficiency
Retrolental fibroplasia
Retinopathy of prematurity - Neovascularization from hypoxia and oxygen therapy
Serum added to mixture of cardiolipin, lecithin, cholesterol
Rapid Plasma Reagin test
7a hydroxylase
Cholesterol –> Bile Salts
Tholase
Condenses two equivalents of Acetyl-CoA to form Acetoacetyl-CoA –> Substrate for HMG CoA Reductase
Extremely high hCG may cause
Hyperemesis gravidarum, Pre-eclampsia, Hyperthyroidism, Theca-lutein cysts
Drugs that increase Lithium levels
Thiazides (not loops), ACEi’s, NSAIDs
Lithium reabsorption in kidney is linked to
Na reabsorption
Major AA responsible for transferring nitrogen to liver for disposal
Alanine
Hepatic tumor that can regress after OCT discontinuation
Hepatic Adenoma
Most common benign liver tumor
Cavernous Hemangioma
Mechanism of Edema and Lethal factors (anthrax)
Edema = cAMP; Lethal = Protease that inhibits MAPK
Bordatella pertussis toxins
Pertussis = Gi ribosylation –> cAMP; AC toxin = AC –> cAMP
Location and symptoms of Germinomas
Pineal –> (1) Precocious puberty, (2) Obstructive hydrocephalus, (3) Parinaud
Functions of Thyroid Peroxidase
(1) Oxidation of iodide to iodine; (2) Iodination of thyroglobulin tyrosine residues; (3) Iodotyrosine coupling to form T3 and T4
Anti-TPO
Hashimoto’s
Chronic lymphedema is a risk for developin what skin tumor
Angiosarcoma
Spongiosa filling medullary canal with no mature trabeculae
Osteopetrosis
Squatting vs Passive leg raise
Squatting increases both Preload and Afterload, while Passive leg raise just Preload
How to decrease MVP murmur
Decr LV volume, bringing valve leaflets into a more normal anatomic arrangement
In severe MVP, the murmur becomes more
Holosystolic
Histology of MVP
Attenuation of fibrosa (collagen) layer; Thickening of spongiosa layer thru deposition of mucoid (myxomatous) material; Thinning of collagenous core of chordae tendineae
Chromium deficiency
Glucose intolerance (GLUT cofactor), Peripheral neuropathy
Selenium deficiency
Muscle pain and weakness, Dilated CM
Copper deficiency
Microcytic anemia (ferrochetolase), Aortic dissection (elastic tissue), Poor wound healing (lysyl oxidase)
Only bile acid that is not reabsorbed in the terminal ileum
Lithocholic acid
Magnesium def
Hypocalcemia with Tetany, Tachycardia
Magnesium excess
Neuromuscular depression, Bradycardia
Congenital defect in Cytochrome b5 reductase
This reduces ferrous hb to ferric in methemoglobinemia
Free radicals from drugs and alcohol-related fatty change affect which zone of liver
III
Ubiquinated cytokeratin intermediate filament in hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease
Mallory bodies
Nephrocalcinosis
Metastatic calcification of renal tubules –> Diabetes insipidus
Chemo regimen for Hodgkin
Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine
AE of Dacarbazine
Azospermia
