Mixed Block Notes 12 Flashcards
Nomal post-void residual volume
50cc
Oxybutynin
Anti-muscarinic for urge incontinence
Histology of Hep B vs C
B = Ballooning, Necrosis, Portal inflammation, GROUND GLASS; C = Lymphoid aggregates w/in portal tracts, Focal areas of macrovesicular steatosis
Most common meds that cause ED other than SSRIs
Clonidine, Methyldopa, BB’s
COMT inhibitors vs Carbidopa
Both peripheral work peripherally; Carbidopa on DOPA decarboxylase
Entacapone vs Tolcapone
Entacapone is peripheral only (can’t Enter the CNS); Tolcapone associated with haptotoxicity
MOA of Ropinerole
DA agonist
Carrier vs Channel proteins
Carrier proteins undergo conformational changes as substrate is transported
Uptake of cholesterol occurs via
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Transport of Glucose by Glut4 is
Carrier-mediated transport (co-transport in GI tract, renal tubule)
Blank requirements are lower in adrenal insufficiency
Insulin
Chloride in primary adrenal insufficiency
Increased to maintain electroneutrality of extracellular fluid
Secondary/Tertiary adrenal insufficency vs primary
Can still release aldosterone in response to AgII –> No electrolyte
Isolated hyperkalemia can be caused by
Insulin deficiency; Diet; Cell lysis; B1 antagonists
Side effects of Flutamide
Hot flashes, Gynecomastia, Impotence (androgen depletion)
GnRH agonists
Leuprolide, Goserelin, Nafarelin, Histrelin
Cyproterone MOA
Androgen receptor blocker (like Flutamide)
IL-2 is approved for treatment of
RCC, Melanoma
Translocation is catalyzed by blank and requires blank
EF2, GTP hydrolysis
Type of anemia in beta thal minor
Hypochromic, microcytic
Most common cell type in pituitary
Somatotroph
How to prevent HSV2 recurrences
Daily treatment with Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir
Close contact prophylaxis for Hep A
Ig, Vaccine for high risk
Vaginal Adenosis
Glandular metaplasia due to DES –> Clear cell adenocarcinoma
Blutn Aortic Injury ocurs most often at
Isthmus (attched to Ligamentum Arteriosum)
Fall on outstretched, dorsiflexed hand
Lunate discloation
Onset of Otosclerosis
middle age
AE’s of Ganciclovir
Pancytopenias, Renal
Major AE of Zidovudine
BM suppression
Foscarnet AE
Electrolytes, Renal
AE’s common to all NNRTI’s
Rash/SJS, Hepatotoxicity
MOA of Nitroglycerin
Dilate large veins –> Decr preload
Primary site of hormonal regulation of systemic BP
Small arteries and arterioles
Control of precapillary sphincters
NE, Epi, Local regulators
Rhabditiform Larvae in stool
Strongyloides –> Ivermectin
Parasite eggs in stool
Schistosoma mansoni or japonicum –> Praziquantel
Proglottids in stool
Tapeworms = Taenia, Diphyllobothrium
Trophozoites and Cysts in stool
Protozoa = Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica
Strongyloides infection
Skin penetration –> Alveoli –> Pharynx –> Intestine –> Autoinfection
a-Glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose, Miglitol
Th in Cronhn’s vs UC
Th1 in Crohn’s, Th2 in UC
First 5 years of diabetic nephropathy
Glomerular hypertrophy, Increase GFR!
Gouty nephropathy
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
First line for Wilson’s
Penicillamine, Trientene
Vitamin store longevity for A, D, Folate, B12
A for 6 months, D for 3 months, Folate for 3 monts, B12 for 3-4 years
Storage of water soluble vitamins
All flushed easily except folate and B12
Anti-psychotics more likely to cause anti-cholinergic effects
Traditional low-potency (eg chlorpromazine, thiordazine)
Alleviation of negative symptoms of schizophrenia is thought to be due to
Inhibition of 5-HT2a (atypical anti-psychotics)
Common symptoms for sickle cell traint
Hematuria, Inability to concentrate urine
Lab indications of sickle cell trait
sickling test positive, all else negative
Dubin-Johson = absence of
MRP2
Deconjugation of bile acids
Anaerobes, S aureus –> Less soluble –> Less able to form miscelles –> Lipid malabsorption
Lower border of parietal pleura
7th –> 10th –> 12th
Where should thoracentesis be performed
5-7 (midclavicular) –> 7-9 (midaxillary) –> 9-11 (paravertebral)
Unlike ACh, Succinylcholine is not
degraded by AChEsterases
Succinylcholine Phase 1 vs 2
1 is depolarized, 2 is non-depolarized
Relaxant for intubation –> Hyperkalemia
Succinylcholine
AE’s of Succinylcholine
(1) Malignant hyperthermia; (2) Severe hyperkalemia; (3) Bradycardia
Who gets hyperkalemia with Succinylcholine
Burns, Myopathies, Crush injuries, Denervation
Atracurium releases
Histamine –> Fall in BP, Bronchoconstriction
Sensory from inner tympanic membrane, eustachian tube
CN IX
Noninfective envelope glycoprotein that forms spheres and tubules 22 nm in diameter
HBsAg
Milrinone
PDE 3 inhbitor –> Incr cAMP –> Ca conductance –> + Inotropy
Dipyridamole, Cilostazol
Decr platelet PDE –> Incr cAMP –> Decr platelet aggregation; Cilastazol also directly vasodilates
Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel MOA
Block ADP receptor –> Decr Gp Iib/IIIc receptor
Ingestion of undercooked shellfish
V cholera, Norwalk virus, Hep A
VPM receives input from
Superior Olivary Nucleus, Inferior Colliculus of Pons
Subacute Cerebellar Degeneration
Small cell, Female repo cancers –> Anti-Yo, -P/Q, -Hu –> Cross-react with cerebellar purkinje neurons
Post-viral Cerebellar Ataxia
Within 3 weeks of Varicella, Measles, EBV in children –> Self-resolving
Clinical associations with Adenocarcinoma
Clubbing, Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Location and clinical associations with Large cell carcinoma of lung
Peripheral; Gynecomastia, Galactorrhea
Carcinoid syndrome is associated with decreased
Niacin
Liver histology Reye’s syndrome
Microvesicular steatosis w/out inflammation
Most adults in US with Anti-HAV IgG
Have never experience icteric illness
Icterus in HAV infection depends on
Age (children typically anicteric)
Petechiae, Purpura, Ecchymoses
Pupurua 5mm to 1cm