UWorld 8/11 Flashcards
Dilated bronchi on CT scan?
-think: bronchiectasis
Loss of P/T bilaterally in upper back & arms?
- Think: Syringomyelia!
- dilated central canal in the spinal cord
- caused by tumor or can be fluid-filled
- can be due to trauma, tumor, or congenital
- ssx: also have muscle atrophy and loss of reflexes
What should be done if Parkinsonism develops in response to tx with atypical antipsychotics?
-give benztropine (anticholinergic)
After what week can HTN in pregnancy be considered preeclampsia?
-after 20 wks
What is the most common risk factor for placental abruption?
-HTN
What is the most important intervention to prevent transmission of HIV to baby throughout pregnancy?
- have mom on HAART tx throughout pregnancy
- plus zidovudine to neonate for >6 wks
What are infants born to mothers with surgical tx for graves at risk for? Why?
- at risk for thyrotoxicosis
- bc TSH immunoglobulins can pass through to the placenta
What should be given to keep PDA open?
- prostaglandin E1
- to “pop” the ductus open!
What should be given to close a PDA?
- indomethacin
- “inhibits” ductus from popping open!
What happens in nursemaid’s elbow?
-subluxation of radial head
What renal condition can be seen post hypovolemic shock? What can be seen in UA?
- see Acute Tubular Necrosis
- can see muddy brown casts in UA
Muddy brown casts?
- seen with acute tubular necrosis
- which is typically seen with any cause of hypovolemia
RBC casts?
-seen in glomerulonephritis
WBC casts?
-seen in interstitial nephritis and pyelonephritis
Fatty casts?
-seen in nephrotic syndrome
Broad and waxy casts?
-seen in chronic renal failure
Palpable purpura, arthralgias, abdominal pain, & hematuria?
- think: H-S P
- IgA mediated vasculitis of small vessels
- see IgA deposits on kidney bx (not necessary for dx) usually clinical dx!
Tx for trichotillomania?
-CBT
5 Ssx of heat stroke?
- Temp > 105*F
- AMS
- Hypotention
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
Pancytopenia following drug intake, exposure to toxin, or viral infection?
-think: aplastic anemia
3 tx options for MG?
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors = neostigmine or pyridostigmine
- Immunosuppressive agents
- Thymectomy
What is commonly the underlying dz seen with Paget’s disease of the breast?
-adenocarcinoma (ductal carcinoma)
What location of neck abscess is at the highest risk of spreading to mediastinum?
-retropharyngeal abcess
What is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer?
-TNM staging to determine tumor burden
Slowly growing, nontender, indurated mass that can form an abscess, fistula, or draining sinus tract most commonly on mandible? Tx?
- Think: bacterial actinomyces cervicofacial infection
- tx: penicillin
What cancer does GERD increase the risk for?
-adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (not squamous cell!)
What cancer can Barrett’s lead to?
-adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
Rapidly progressive dementia w/ myoclonus? Tx? Seen on EEG?
- think: cretuzfeldt-jakob disease
- rapidly progressive demenitia
- no tx, usually die w/in 12 mnth
- see bi or triphasic sharl wave complexes on EEG
Diet recommendations for kidney stone prevention?
- Decrease protein and oxalate
- Decrease sodium
- Increase fluids
- Increase calcium
Where is Coccidiomycosis?
- Southwestern US + central & south america
- esp Arizona or California
Where is Histoplasmosis?
-most common in SE, midatlantic, and central US
Where is blastomycosis?
- south-central and north-central US
- esp in vacinity of great lakes, mississippiriver, and ohio river basin
- highest infection rate in Wisconsin!
Caustic poisoning? Ssx? Tx?
- drinking of acids or alkaline solutions (ex drain cleaner)
- ssx: from the mechanical injury of the tissues = dysphagia, severe pain, heavy salivation, mouth burns
- tx: flush out the caustics with high water volumes (DONT try to use the opposite acid/base)
High alk phos in pt over 40? Tx?
- think: Paget’s disease
- can be asymptomatic and found with radiograph that shows lytic and osteoblatsic lesions from the simultaneous breakdown and repair of bone
- tx: bisphosphanates
Traveler with persistent (> 2 wks) non bloody, watery, diarrhea?
-cryotosporidium
What is the most common vaccine preventable dz in travelers?
-Hep A!
Low back pain in an elderly pt that is relieved by leaning forward?
-lumbar spinal stenosis
Chronic back pain and neurologic dysfunction in a preadolescent child?
- think: spondylolisthesis = developmental d/o with forward slip of vertebrae
- ssx: low back pain, neurologic dysfctn (ex urinary incontinence), palpable “step-off” in lumbosacral area
Constant gnawing epigastic pain that is worse at night, anorexia, and wt loss?
-think: pancreatic cancer
Delayed or absent puberty and anosmia?
- kallman syndrome!
- x-linked recessive
- XX or XY!
- low FSH and LH, bc d/o with migration of GnRH
Why do vagal maneuvers help with supraventricular tachycardia?
- increase vagal tone = decrease conduction through AV node
- SVT is usually due to re-entry through AV node
What electrolyte abnormality can be a complication of a SAH?
-hyponatremia due to cerebral-salt waisting syndrome
2 most common bacterial causes if sinusitis? Tx?
- Strep pneumo
- H. Influenzae
- Tx: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
3 causes of primary amenorrhea with female phenotype, but no normal vagina and uterus? Karyotypes?
- Mullerian agenesis = XX
- Androgen insensitivity = XY
- 5-alpha reductase deficiency = XY
95% is how many SD?
-2
What percent is 1 SD?
-68%
Tx of choice for lyme dz in a child?
- amoxicillin
- DONT use doxy in a child < 8 yrs old (or in pregnant women)! –> can slow bone growth & cause staining of teeth
What orthopedic injury can be seen following a tonic-clonic seizure?
-posterior shoulder dislocation!
BUN > 60?
- uremia
- seen in ESRD
- can have uremic pericarditis as a cimplication!
- tx = hemodyalisis
What is one of the most frequent complications in mumps in adults?
-orchitis
What ages are febrile seizures common?
-6mnths - 6 yrs
Most common nephropathy seen with hodgkin lymphoma?
-minimal change dz
Which nephrotic syndrome is most commonly associated with malignancies?
- membranous glomerulopathy
- esp with solid cancers
Inferior wall infarct: What is seen in EKG? What structure is usually affected? Tx?
- EKG: see ST elevations in leads II, III, AVF
- usually RV is affected
- Tx: fluid resucitation, AVOID nitrates
Reactive arthritis triad?
- Joint pain –> seronegative spondyloarthropathy
- Ocular findings - uveitis, conjunctivitis
- Genital abnormalities - urethritis, balanitis
Occurs secondary to:
- Inflam bowel dz
- STD
- GI infection
Ssx of RV infarct?
-clear lung feilds
-hypotension
-CO is decreased bc the SV of RV is decreased –> so dont give tx that will decrease preload!
Tx: fluid bolus first
Tx if reactive arthritis?
-NSAIDs
What are ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms usually due to?
-cystic necrosis (occurs with aging) or connective tissue d/o (Marfans)
Stroke v Bell’s palsy?
- stroke = ONLY lower half of face effected, pt can wrinkle forehead
- bells = ENTIRE side of face effected, can’t wrinkle forehead!
What are descending thoracic aortic aneurysms usually due to?
-atherosclerosis –> risk factors: HTN, smoking, hypercholesterol
Tx for a symptomatic subconjunctival hemorrhages?
-observation
Reactive arthritis triad?
- Joint pain –> seronegative spondyloarthropathy
- Ocular findings - uveitis, conjunctivitis
- Genital abnormalities - urethritis, balanitis
Occurs secondary to:
- Inflam bowel dz
- STD
- GI infection
Tx if reactive arthritis?
-NSAIDs
Stroke v Bell’s palsy?
- stroke = ONLY lower half of face effected, pt can wrinkle forehead
- bells = ENTIRE side of face effected, can’t wrinkle forehead!
Tx for a symptomatic subconjunctival hemorrhages?
-observation
Tx for trigeminal neuralgia?
-carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine
What do ABGs usually show in atalectasis?
- Hypoxemia
- Hypocapnia
- Resp alk
Tx for preeclampsia?
- Mg sulfate –> seizure prevention
- Hydralazine –> BP control
- Deliver baby
Pica?
- appetite for items other than food
- seen in IRON DEF anemia (esp with ice)
What is impaired in pts without a spleen?
-phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria
What does synovial fluid in lyme dz look like?
-inflammatory w/ leukocyte count of 25,000
Protein and glucose in CSF of bacterial and viral meningitis?
- bacterial: low glucose, high protein
- viral: normal glucose, normal (or slightly high) protein
Infant that has syncopal episodes with crying, but no incontinence , cyanosis, or post ictal period?
- think: breath holding spells
- benign –> only tx is reassurance
- self limited
What is the major nutrient lacking in “tea and toast” diet?
-folic acid!
Tx for stabismus?
-patching or penalizing (blurring) the vision of the good eye
What should be done if a pt with known immunity to hep B is exposed to hep B?
- no tx is needed
- just reassurance!
Gout v septic arthritis on H&P?
- indistinguishable!
- tap it!
- always tap a mono-inflammed joint! –> dont want to miss an infection!
Causes of epidydimytis in young men v older men?
- young = c. Trachomatis or n. Gonorrhea
- old = gram-neg rods (e. Coli)
Most effective way to prevent firearm injuries?
-remove ALL firearms from the home
What tendon problem is commonly seen in new mothers?
- De Quervian tenosynovitis
- in moms who hold their infant with thumb outstretched
- finkelstein test will be positive: passively stretching the affected tendon by grasping the flexed thumb into the palm with fingers = pain
Most important tx of lactic acidosis from septic shock?
- IV normal saline to maintain intravascular pressure
- plus antibiotics for underlying infection
What derm dz is termed “lizard skin”?
-icthyosis vulgaris
Definition of malignant hypertension?
- severe HtN >180/120
- retinal hemorrhages, exudates, or papilledema
Removal of ventilator in a brain dead pt?
- not necessary
- just need to confirm brain death with 2 physicians
What lab test should be done on pleural fluid to determine if it needs to be drained?
- pH
- if less than 7.2, then its likely infected = empyema –> drain it!!
Purplish skin discoloration and gangrenous changes?
-think: necrotizing fascitis!
Sudden pulse-lessness in a pt 5 days -2 wks post MI?
-think: free wall rupture!
Hyperglycemia + red plaques with central clearing?
- think: glucagonoma
- rash = necrolytic migratory erythema
DM, weight loss, diarrhea, + necrolytic migratory erythema?
-think: glucagonoma
Severity of DM in glucagonoma?
- mild DM
- easily controlled with oral agents & diet changes
- usually doesnt require insulin
Crampy diffuse abdominal pain + green vomit?
- think: small bowel obstruction
- emesis is usually billious
- pain is usually poorly localized
What tests to get before starting a pt on lithium?
-creatinine & TSH
Initial tx for afib?
-beta blocker or ccb (ex diltiazem or verapamil)
What should be measured in a pt that an adrogen-secreting tumor is suspected?
-DHEA-S
Acute asymmetric arthritis in an adult that works with children?
-can be caused by parvovirus B19
Tx for minimal change disease?
-prednisone
What is functional hypothalamic amenorrhea? What can it be due to? What are they at risk for?
- suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
- bc of strenuous exercise, anorexia, marijuana use, stress, depression, or chronic illness
- at risk for bone loss bc of estrogen deficiency
When is tactile fremitus increased on physical exam?
- ONLY when there is consolidation of the lung (ex. Lobar pneumonia)
- sound travels faster in solids than in air
Calcium and phosphorus in secondary hypoparathyroidism?
- ca: decreased
- phos: increased
- can be caused by renal failure
What causes hypocalcemia + hypophosphetemia?
-vitamin D malabsorption
How is MS dx?
-clinical suspicion + MRI of brain
Placental abruption w/ moderate bleeding and reassuring fetal tracings?
-can proceed with vaginal delivery
4 diagnostic test results of lactose intolerance?
- Positive hydrogen breath test
- Positive stool test for reducing substances
- Low stool pH
- Increased stool osmotic gap
Steatorrhea in lactose intolerance?!
-NO!
What to do if a battery is swallowed?
- if its in the esophagus –> remove it ASAP
- if its past the esophagus –> leave it alone, usually passes okay in its own
What does an anaphylactic rxn to a blood transfusion look like? Who is at risk? Tx?
- respiratory distress and hypotension within seconds to minutes
- pts with IgA deficiencies are at risk for this!
- epi
What medications are known to cause peripheral edema?
-dihydropyridine = calcium channel antagonists –> amlodipine
Elderly pt with: anemia, renal failure, + hypercalcemia?
-think: multiple myleoma!
At what CD4 count is pneumocystits usually seen?
-BELOW 200
Most common cause of pneumonia in HIV pts?
-ecapsulated bacteria, esp strep pneumo
What should be done to test for acute Hep B infection?
- HBsAg
2. Anti-HBc
What happen to maternal vital signs with a rupture of vasa previa?
-maternal vital signs remain stable while the fetus exsanguinates
Discharge in BV v trichomoniasis?
- BV: thin, off-white, fish odor
- trich: thin, gray-green, malodorous, frothy
What type of anemia can be caused by NSAID use?
- iron deficiency anemia
- bc of chronic GI bleed
Ssx of hypoTH with elevated thyroid hormones?
-generalized resistance to thyroid hormones
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in kids and daukts?
-neisseria meningitides
Meningitis with a rash?
-neisseria meningitides
What drugs can cause drug-induced vascular spasm?
-cocaine & methamphetamines
Ludwig angina?
- infection of the submadibular and sublingual glands
- ssx: fever, dysphagia, odynophagia, & drooling
- source of infection is usually an infected tooth –> usually strep or anaerobes
- asphyxiation is the most common cause of death –> intubate if necessary!!
Tx of primary hyperaldo?
- Laproscopic resection if unilateral
- Aldo antagonists if bilateral or not surgical candidate:
- eplerenone
- spironolactone
Water hammer pulse?
-aortic regurgitation
Uterine bleeding without cervical dilation in pregnancy? Tx?
- threatened abortion
- before 20 wks preg
- tx: bed rest and pelvic rest
What is a common complication of temporal arteritis?
-aortic aneurysm
Difficulty breathing in ore-eclampsia?
-pulmonary edema is a complication!
During the first week of life how many wet diapers should a newborn have a day?
- the number of how many days old they are
- 5 days = 5 diapers
Jaundice in a breast fed infant in the first week of life? Tx?
- breast feeding failure jaundice
- tx: optimize breast feeding
Breast feed infant with jaundice in the first 2-3 wks of life? Tx?
- breast milk jaundice
- tx: switch to formula feeding until jaundice goes away, then breast feeding can resume
Recommendations for mamograms?
- every 2 yrs after age 50
- not necessary beyond age 75
Recommendations for hyperlipidemia screening?
-lipid pannel every 5 yrs when > 20 yrs old
Null value?
= 1.0