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Renal > UTIs > Flashcards

UTIs Flashcards

1
Q

where can UTIs be located?

A

upper ( kidney)
lower

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2
Q

give one upper UTI?

A

Pyelonephritis
( there is only one )

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3
Q

give four lower UTIs?

A
  • cystitis
  • prostatitis
  • urethritis
    -epidydmo- orchitis
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4
Q

what organisms cause UTIs?

A

KEEPS
Klebsiella
E-coli
Enterobacter
Proteus
Saprophyticus

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5
Q

in 80% of cases what is the causative organism for UTI?

A

UPEC
- uropathogenic E coli

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6
Q

who is most likely to be affected by UTIs? why?

A

females more likely to be affected
- due to a shorter urethra therefore closer to anus an easier for bacteria to colonise

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7
Q

what is the fist line of diagnosis for UTIs?

A
  • urine dipstick
  • +ve leukocytes
  • +ve nitrates
  • +/- haematuria
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8
Q

what is the gold standard test for diagnosis for UTIs?

A

midstream mcs
- confirms UTI + identifies pathogen

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9
Q

what is pyelonephritis?

A
  • infection of renal parenchyma and upper ureter
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10
Q

how is pyelonephritis spread?

A
  • via ascending transurethral spread ( mc
  • also via blood or lymphatics
    -usually caused by UPEC but can be other KEEPS
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11
Q

What are the risk factors for pyelonephritis?

A
  • urine stasis ( stones)
  • renal structural abnormalities
  • catheters
  • females < 35
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12
Q

what are the symptoms for pyelonephritis?

A

triad of:
1. loin pain
2. fever
3. pyuria

others: back pain, headache, nausea and vomiting, cystitis symptoms

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13
Q

how is pyelonephrtitis diagnosed?

A
  1. urine dipstick
  2. mc + s
  3. USS
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14
Q

how is pyelonephritis treated?

A
  • analgesia
  • paracetamol
  • antibiotics - ciprofloxacin or co-amoxiclav
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15
Q

define cystitis

A

infection of the bladder

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16
Q

what are the risk factors of Cystitis?

A
  • children
  • females
  • pregnancy
  • catheters
  • urines stasis
  • bladder lining damage
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17
Q

what are the cause of cystitis?

A
  • UPEC
  • other KEEPS
18
Q

what are the symptoms of cystitis?

A
  • suprapubic tenderness and pain
  • hematuria
  • polyuria
  • dysuria
  • increased frequency and increased urgency
  • confusion in elderly
19
Q

how is cystitis diagnosed?

A
  1. urine dipstick
  2. mc + s
20
Q

how is cystitis treated?

A
  • antibiotics- trimethoprim/ nitrofurantoin
  • ( if pregnant- amoxicillin)
21
Q

what Is urethritis?

A

urethral inflammation due to infectious or non infectious causes

22
Q

what are the types of causes of urethritis?

A

infective
non infective

23
Q

what are the infective causes of urethritis?

A
  • gonococcal —> gonorrhoea
  • non gonococcal—-> chlamidya ( mc)
24
Q

what are the non infective causes of urethritis?

A
  • trauma
  • urethral structure
  • irritation
25
Q

what are the risk factors for urethritis?

A
  • msm
  • unprotected sex
26
Q

what are the symptoms for urethritis?

A
  • skin lessons
  • dysuria +/- discharge
  • urethral pain
  • penile discomfort/ pruritus
  • reactive arthiritis
27
Q

what is the treatment for UTIs?

A
  • NG- IM Ceftriaxone + azithromycin
  • CT- azithromycin + doxycycline
28
Q

how are UTIs diagnosed?

A
  1. urine dipstick
  2. mc + s - gram -ve diplococcus= gonorrhoea
  3. NAAT ( nucleic acid amplification test)- detect STIs
29
Q

a way to remember active arthritis symptoms

A

can’t see
can’t pee- urethritis
can’t climb a tree

30
Q

what is epididymo- orchitis?

A

inflammation of epididymis extending to testes

31
Q

what are the causes of epididymo- orchitis?

A
  • urethritis (STI) <35 yrs
  • cystitis extension > 35yrs
  • catheters ( elderly)
32
Q

what are the symptoms for epididymo- orchitis?

A
  • unilateral scrotal pain and swelling - pain relieved with elevating testes ( positive prehns sign)
  • cremaster reflex intact
33
Q

what is a Ddx for epididymo- orchitis?

A

testicular torsion
( important to therefore rule out)

34
Q

how is epididymo- orchitis diagnosed?

A
  1. NAAT
  2. urine dip stick
  3. mc + s
35
Q

how is epididymo- orchitis treated?

A

depends on cause

36
Q

what are uncomplicated UTIs?

A
  • female
  • healthy
  • pre-menopausal
  • not pregnant
  • anatomically and functionally normal urinary tract
37
Q

what are complicated UTIs?

A
  • post menopausal
  • pregnant
  • anatomically or functionally abnormal urinary tract
  • foreign body in urinary tract
  • one or more comorbidities
38
Q

what is prostatisis?

A

inflammation of the prostate gland usually due to bacteria

39
Q

describe acute prostatisis

A
  • pain
  • frequent peeing
  • if can’t pee- acute urinary retention
  • lower back pain
40
Q

describe chronic prostatisis

A
  • pain
  • enlarged prostate
  • erectile dysfunction
41
Q

how is prostatitis treated?

A
  • antibiotics

Renal (14 decks)

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