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Renal > GU cancer > Flashcards

GU cancer Flashcards

1
Q

prostate cancer- what does the prostate do?

A

-testosterone and DHT production
-seminal fluid production
-regulation of urine flow

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2
Q

what is prostate cancer?

A

outer zone of peripheral prostate neoplastic, malignant proliferation

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3
Q

what are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

A
  • increasing age
  • genetic BRAC2, HOXBI3
  • family history
  • afro carribean history
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4
Q

what are the symptoms for prostate cancer?

A
  • LUTS like BPH but also systemic cancer symptoms
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • night pain
  • bone pain
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5
Q

what can prostate cancer metastasise to?

A
  • bone sclerotic lesions
  • liver
  • lung
  • brain
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6
Q

how is prostate cancer diagnosed?

A
  1. DRE
  2. PSA
  3. Transrectal USS + biopsy
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7
Q

what is the diagnostic gold standard test for prostate cancer?

A

transrectal USS and biopsy

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8
Q

what is the grading system used for prostate cancer

A

Gleasons score
-higher- worse prognosis
- based on biopsy

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9
Q

what is the treatment for prostate cancer- if local ?

A
  • prostatectomy
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10
Q

what is the treatment for prostate cancer- if metastatic ?

A
  • radio/chemo therapy
  • hormone therapy - decrease testosterone and therefore decrease cancer growth
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11
Q

what is the hormone therapy used to treat metastatic prostate cancer?

A
  1. bilateral orchiectomy
  2. GnRH receptor agonist
    – goserclin/ zoladex
    - GnRH therefore increase LH + FSH but results in exogenous suppression of HPG axis
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12
Q

what is bladder cancer?

A

transitional cell carcinoma ( TCC) of bladder

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13
Q

what are the risk factors for bladder cancer?

A
  • smoking
  • chemo/ radiotherapy
  • age 55+
  • male
  • family history
  • bladder stones
  • occupation/ exposure- dyes, paints, rubber
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14
Q

what are the symptoms for bladder cancer?

A
  1. painless haematuria
  2. frequent urination
  3. back pain
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15
Q

how is bladder cancer diagnosed?

A
  1. flexible cystoscopy and biopsy ( gold standard)
  2. urinalysis- sterile polyuria
  3. CTT urogram - staging
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16
Q

what is the treatment for bladder cancer?

A

T1: transurethral resection ( TURBT) or local diathermy
T2-3: radical cystectomy
T4: Palliative chemotherapy and radiotherapy

17
Q

what is testicular cancer?

A

abnormal cells in a testicle start to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way

18
Q

what are the two types of tumours of testicular cancer?

A

germ cell tumours
non germ cell tumours

19
Q

describe germ cell tumours in testicular cancer

A

90%
teratoma

20
Q

describe non germ cell tumours in testicular cancer

A

10>%
sertoli
leydig
sarcoma

21
Q

what are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A
  • cryptoorchidism ( undescended testes)
  • infertility
  • family history
22
Q

what are the symptoms for testicular cancer?

A
  • painless lump in testicle which does not transilluminate
  • heaviness
  • dull ache
  • swelling
  • gynecomastia
  • back pain
  • testes pain
23
Q

how is testicuar cancer diagnosed?

A
  • urgent ( doppler) USS testes- 90% diagnostic
  • tumour markers- AFP, BhcG, LDH
  • CT- staging
  • chemo/ radiotherapy
24
Q

what is the treatment for testicular cancer?

A
  • urgent radical orchidectomy
  • offer sperm storage
25
Q

what is kidney cancer?

A
  • renal cell carcinoma
  • arises from PCT epithelium
26
Q

what are the risk factors behind GU cancer?

A
  • smoking
  • haemodialysis
  • hereditary
  • von hippel Lindau syndrome- autodominant- loss of tumour suppressor gene
  • hypertension
27
Q

what are the symptoms of Kidney cancer?

A

often asymptomatic but:
triad of :
1. flank pain
2. haematuria
3. palpable abdominal mass
( may have less sided varicose)

28
Q

how is kidney cancer diagnosed?

A
  • 1st line- USS
  • Gold- CT chest, abdo, pelvis
  • staging- Robson staging 1-4
  • bloods- polycythemia due to increased EPO
  • increased BP due to increased renin
29
Q

how is kidney cancer treated?

A

stage I : Partial or radical nephrectomy
stage II: radical nephrectomy
stage III: radical nephrectomy and adrenalectomy
stage IV: systemic treatment

Renal (14 decks)

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