GU cancer Flashcards
prostate cancer- what does the prostate do?
-testosterone and DHT production
-seminal fluid production
-regulation of urine flow
what is prostate cancer?
outer zone of peripheral prostate neoplastic, malignant proliferation
what are the risk factors for prostate cancer?
- increasing age
- genetic BRAC2, HOXBI3
- family history
- afro carribean history
what are the symptoms for prostate cancer?
- LUTS like BPH but also systemic cancer symptoms
- weight loss
- fatigue
- night pain
- bone pain
what can prostate cancer metastasise to?
- bone sclerotic lesions
- liver
- lung
- brain
how is prostate cancer diagnosed?
- DRE
- PSA
- Transrectal USS + biopsy
what is the diagnostic gold standard test for prostate cancer?
transrectal USS and biopsy
what is the grading system used for prostate cancer
Gleasons score
-higher- worse prognosis
- based on biopsy
what is the treatment for prostate cancer- if local ?
- prostatectomy
what is the treatment for prostate cancer- if metastatic ?
- radio/chemo therapy
- hormone therapy - decrease testosterone and therefore decrease cancer growth
what is the hormone therapy used to treat metastatic prostate cancer?
- bilateral orchiectomy
- GnRH receptor agonist
– goserclin/ zoladex
- GnRH therefore increase LH + FSH but results in exogenous suppression of HPG axis
what is bladder cancer?
transitional cell carcinoma ( TCC) of bladder
what are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
- smoking
- chemo/ radiotherapy
- age 55+
- male
- family history
- bladder stones
- occupation/ exposure- dyes, paints, rubber
what are the symptoms for bladder cancer?
- painless haematuria
- frequent urination
- back pain
how is bladder cancer diagnosed?
- flexible cystoscopy and biopsy ( gold standard)
- urinalysis- sterile polyuria
- CTT urogram - staging
what is the treatment for bladder cancer?
T1: transurethral resection ( TURBT) or local diathermy
T2-3: radical cystectomy
T4: Palliative chemotherapy and radiotherapy
what is testicular cancer?
abnormal cells in a testicle start to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way
what are the two types of tumours of testicular cancer?
germ cell tumours
non germ cell tumours
describe germ cell tumours in testicular cancer
90%
teratoma
describe non germ cell tumours in testicular cancer
10>%
sertoli
leydig
sarcoma
what are the risk factors for testicular cancer?
- cryptoorchidism ( undescended testes)
- infertility
- family history
what are the symptoms for testicular cancer?
- painless lump in testicle which does not transilluminate
- heaviness
- dull ache
- swelling
- gynecomastia
- back pain
- testes pain
how is testicuar cancer diagnosed?
- urgent ( doppler) USS testes- 90% diagnostic
- tumour markers- AFP, BhcG, LDH
- CT- staging
- chemo/ radiotherapy
what is the treatment for testicular cancer?
- urgent radical orchidectomy
- offer sperm storage
what is kidney cancer?
- renal cell carcinoma
- arises from PCT epithelium
what are the risk factors behind GU cancer?
- smoking
- haemodialysis
- hereditary
- von hippel Lindau syndrome- autodominant- loss of tumour suppressor gene
- hypertension
what are the symptoms of Kidney cancer?
often asymptomatic but:
triad of :
1. flank pain
2. haematuria
3. palpable abdominal mass
( may have less sided varicose)
how is kidney cancer diagnosed?
- 1st line- USS
- Gold- CT chest, abdo, pelvis
- staging- Robson staging 1-4
- bloods- polycythemia due to increased EPO
- increased BP due to increased renin
how is kidney cancer treated?
stage I : Partial or radical nephrectomy
stage II: radical nephrectomy
stage III: radical nephrectomy and adrenalectomy
stage IV: systemic treatment
