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USMLE > USMLE Deck2 > Flashcards

USMLE Deck2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Most common cancer in men

A

Prostate > lung > colon

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2
Q

Most common cancer in women

A

Breast > Lung > Colorectal > uterine

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3
Q

Most common cancer mortality in men

A

Lung > prostate > colorectal > pancreas

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4
Q

Most common cancer mortality in women

A

Lung > breast > colon > oancreas

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5
Q

abl

A

tyrosine kinase; CML

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6
Q

c-myc

A

Transcription factor; Burkitt’s t(8;14)

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7
Q

bcl-2

A

anti-apoptosis; follicular and undifferentiatiod lymphomas t(14;18)

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8
Q

erb-B2

A

Tyrosine Kinase (HER2/neu) targeted by trastizumab; breast, ovarian and gastric

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9
Q

ras

A

GTPase; K-ras->colon, lung pancreas; H-ras->bladder, kidney tumors; N-ras->melanomas, hematologic

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10
Q

L-myc

A

Transcription factor; Lung

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11
Q

N-myc

A

Transcription factor; neuroblastoma

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12
Q

ret

A

Tyrosine Kinase (neurotrophic growth factor); MEN IIA and IIB; papillary thyroid carcinoma

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13
Q

c-Kit

A

Cytokine receptor; GI stromal tumor

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14
Q

Rb

A

blocks G1->S by binding E2F; retinoblastoma

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15
Q

p53

A

glocks G1->S; most cancers

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16
Q

BRCA

A

DNA Repair; breast and ovarian

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17
Q

p16

A

Melanoma

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18
Q

APC

A

Associated with FAP, Colorectal cancer

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19
Q

WT1

A

Wilm’s tumor

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20
Q

DPC

A

Deleted in Pancreatic cancer

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21
Q

DCC

A

Deleted in colon cancer

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22
Q

HNCC

A

inactivation of DNA mismatch repair (microsatellite alterations)

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23
Q

Cyclin D

A

Mantle cell lymphoma t(11;14)

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24
Q

CDK4

A

Melanoma

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25
Q

PDGF-beta

A

Astrocytoma

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26
Q

TGF-alpha

A

Astrocytoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

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27
Q

HER2/neu

A

Growth factor receptor; breast tissue

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28
Q

Drugs with low therapeutic index

A

Lithium, digoxin, warfarin, phenobarbital

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29
Q

Cigarette smoke associated cancers

A

Lung (squamous and small cell), Oral (squamous laryngeal and squamous esophageal), Pancreatic, bladder, and renal cell

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30
Q

aflatoxin

A

mutation in p53, aspergillus in food -> hepatocellular carcinoma

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31
Q

Nitrosamines

A

gastric cancer

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32
Q

vinyl chloride

A

angiosarcoma of the liver

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33
Q

CCl4

A

liver disease

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34
Q

asbestos

A

mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma (more commonly)

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35
Q

Naphthalene dyes

A

In moth balls -> transitional cell bladder cancer (along with smoking)

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36
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Leukemia

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37
Q

Arsenic

A

alloys, pesticides, squamous cell carrcinoma angiosarcoma

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38
Q

Li Fraumeni syndrom

A

AD inherited mutation in p53; have many cancer especially sarcomas, adrenal, neural etc.

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39
Q

DNA REPAIR DISEASES

A

HNPCC, Xeroderma pigmentosum (excision repair defect-unusaully sensitive to sunlight because can’t repair T-T dimers), Ataxia-telangiectasia (ataxia, telangiectasia, increased risk of lymphoma and leukemi)

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40
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Down syndrome

A

ALL, AML

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41
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Xeroderma pigmentosum; albinism

A

melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas of skin

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42
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Atrophi gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants

A

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

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43
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Tuberous Sclerosis

A

Angiomyolipoma, rhabdomyoma, astrocytoma

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44
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Actinic Keratosis

A

Skin squamous cell

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45
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Barrett’s esophagus

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

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46
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Plummer Vinson syndrome

A

Esophageal squamous carcinoma

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47
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: cirrhosis

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

48
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: ulcerative colitis

A

colonic adenocarcinoma

49
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: paget’s bone

A

Osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

50
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: immunodeficiency

A

Lymphomas

51
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: AIDS

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, Kaposi

52
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Autoimmune disease

A

Lymphoma (such as in hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

53
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Acanthosis nigricans

A

Visceral malignancy (gastric, lung, uterus)

54
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Dysplastic nevus

A

Malignant melanoma

55
Q

Assoc. w what neoplasm: Radiation

A

Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, leukemia

56
Q

Drugs contraindicated in sulfa allergy patients

A

celecoxib, loops (furosemide), thiazide, acetazolamide, probenecid, sulfonamides

57
Q

Anaplastic cell features

A

High nucleus:cytoplasmic ratio; prominent nucleoli; clumping chromatin; mitotic figures

58
Q

Most common sites to metastatic liver

A

Colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, lung

59
Q

Mets to brain

A

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney, GI

60
Q

Bone mets

A

Prostate, renal cell, tyroid, lung, testes, lung, lymphoma, breast

61
Q

Paraneoplastc: Small cell lung

A

ACTH or ACTH-like; ADH; Lambert-eaton

62
Q

Paraneoplastc: Intracranial

A

ADH

63
Q

Paraneoplastc: squamous cell lung

A

PTHrP (hypercalcemia), TGF-beta, TNF, IL-1

64
Q

Paraneoplastc: Renal cell, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular, pheochromocytoma

A

Epo -> polycythemia

65
Q

Paraneoplastc: Thymoma

A

Lambert Eaton

66
Q

Paraneoplastc: Leukemias and lymphomas

A

Hyperuricemia and gout

67
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid, serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary, meningioma, malignant mesothelioma

68
Q

PSA

A

Prostate cancer, or other prostate pathologies

69
Q

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen

A

colon cancer, pancreatic cancer

70
Q

AFP (alpha fetoprotein)

A

Hepatocellular or Yolk sac tumor

71
Q

CA-125

A

Marker for ovarian cancer

72
Q

S-100

A

melanoma, schwanomma, glial tumor

73
Q

Alk phos

A

METs to bone, paget’s disease of bone

74
Q

Bombesin

A

Adrenal neuroblastoma, lung, and gastric cancer

75
Q

TRAP

A

Hairy cell leukemia

76
Q

CA 19-9

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

77
Q

inhibits complement C9 binding

A

CD55 and CD59

78
Q

NK Cell receptors

A

CD16

79
Q

Endotoxin receptor on macrophages

A

CD14

80
Q

Cancer associated with obesity

A

Esophagus adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial, gallbladder cancers, thyroid and colon cancer

81
Q

Nephrotoxic/ototoxic drugs

A

Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Loop diuretics, Cisplatin

82
Q

Drugs that interfere with microtubules

A

Vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, -bendazoles, griseofulvin, colchicine

83
Q

Volume of distribution

A

Vd = D/C (amount of drug/plasma concentrat)

84
Q

Clearance

A

CL = Rate of elimination/plasma concentration = [0.7xVd]/(t1/2)] = Vd x K

85
Q

LD

A

CpxVd/F (Cp = target plasma concentration)

86
Q

Maintenance Dose MD

A

MD = Cp x CL/F (CL = clearance, F = bioavailability)

87
Q

Half life

A

t(1/2) = 0.7xVd/(CL); after 4 half-lves 94% has been eliminated, 3 half-lives 88% has been eliminated, 2 half lives 75% has been eliminated and 1 half life has eliminated

88
Q

Therapeutic index TI

A

TI = LD50/ED50 so a higher TI results in a safer drug; Drugs with low TI: Warfarin, Digoxin, Lithium and Seizure drugs

89
Q

P450 Inhibitors

A

Macrolides, Amiodarone, Grapefruit juice, Isociazid, Cimetidine, Ritonavir, Acute alcohol, Ciprofloxacin, Ketoconazole, Sulfonamides

90
Q

P450 Inducers

A

Quinidine, Barbiturates, St. John’s wort, Phenytoin, Rifampin, Griseofulvin, Carbamazepine, Chronic alcohol

91
Q

Disulfiram-like reaction drugs

A

Metronidazole, some Cephalosporins, Procarbazine, 1st generation sulfonylureas

92
Q

Sulfa Drugs

A

Probenecid, Furosemide, Acetazolamide, Celecoxib, Thiazides, Sulfonamide antibiotics, Sulfasalazine, Sulfonylureas

93
Q

Drugs that undergo Zero-order metabolism

A

Phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin

94
Q

-azole

A

antifungal

95
Q

-cycline

A

protein synthesis inhibitor, tetracycline

96
Q

-navir

A

Protease inhibitor

97
Q

-triptan

A

5-HT1B/1Dagonists (migraine)

98
Q

-ane

A

Inhalation general anesthetic (ie. Halothane)

99
Q

-caine

A

Local anesthetic

100
Q

-operidol

A

Neuroleptic

101
Q

-azine

A

Neuroleptic, antiemetic

102
Q

-barbital

A

Barbiturate

103
Q

-zolam

A

Benzodiazepine

104
Q

-azepam

A

Benzodiazepine

105
Q

-etine

A

SSRI (ie Fluoxetine)

106
Q

-ipramine

A

TCA

107
Q

-triptyline

A

TCA

108
Q

-olol

A

Beta antagoinist

109
Q

-terol

A

beta-2 antagonist

110
Q

-zosin

A

alpha-1 antagonist

111
Q

-oxin

A

Cardiac glycoside

112
Q

-pril

A

ACE-I

113
Q

-afil

A

Erectile Dysfunction

114
Q
  • tropin
A

pituitary hormone

115
Q

-tidine

A

H-2 antagonist (Cimetidine)

USMLE (14 decks)

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