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USMLE > USMLE Deck1 > Flashcards

USMLE Deck1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Kussmaul’s sign

A

increase in jugular venous pressure on inspiration

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2
Q

Filtration Fraction

A

GFR/RPF

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3
Q

GFR

A

balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures

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4
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

5’ to 3’ AND 3 to 5 exonuclease activity. 5 to 3 removes RNA primers and damaged DNA.

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5
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

Has 3 to 5 exonuclease activity only. Fixes mismatched nucleotides in new strands

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6
Q

Salicylate acid/base

A

Causes resp hyperventilation initially AND metabolic acidosis

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7
Q

varicocele

A

varicose veins in spermatic cord

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8
Q

RPF

A

[U]PAH*V / [P]PAH

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9
Q

RBF

A

[U]Creatinine*V / [P]creatining

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10
Q

periorbital edema + dark urine

A

Post strep glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

FSH

A

cAMP

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12
Q

ACTH

A

cAMP

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13
Q

TSH

A

cAMP

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14
Q

CRH

A

cAMP

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15
Q

hCG

A

cAMP

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16
Q

ADH (V2)

A

cAMP

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17
Q

MSH

A

cAMP

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18
Q

PTH

A

cAMP

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19
Q

Calcitonin

A

cAMP

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20
Q

GHRH

A

cAMP

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21
Q

Glucagon

A

cAMP

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22
Q

LH

A

cAMP

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23
Q

Prolactin

A

JAK/STAT

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24
Q

GH

A

JAK/STAT

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25
Q

Cytokines

A

JAK/STAT

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26
Q

ANP

A

cGMP

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27
Q

NO

A

cGMP

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28
Q

Insulin

A

Tyr-K (MAPK)

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29
Q

IGF-1

A

Tyr-K (MAPK)

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30
Q

FGF

A

Tyr-K (MAPK)

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31
Q

PDGF

A

Tyr-K (MAPK)

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32
Q

GnRH

A

IP3

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33
Q

Oxytocin

A

IP3

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34
Q

ADH (V1)

A

IP3

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35
Q

TRH

A

IP3

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36
Q

Histamine

A

IP3

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37
Q

Angiotensin II

A

IP3

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38
Q

Gastrin

A

IP3

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39
Q

Vit D

A

steroid

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40
Q

Estrogen

A

steroid

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41
Q

Testosterone

A

steroid

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42
Q

Cortisol

A

steroid

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43
Q

Aldosterone

A

steroid

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44
Q

Progesterone

A

steroid

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45
Q

T3/T4

A

nuclear steroid receptor

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46
Q

GLUT-1

A

CNS RBCs

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47
Q

GLUT-2

A

Hepatocytes, beta cells

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48
Q

GLUT-3

A

Brain, Kidney, Placenta

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49
Q

GLUT - 4

A

muscle, adipose

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50
Q

GLUT-5

A

Sperm, GI, fructose transport

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51
Q

Kallmann

A

AD, defective development of GnRH cells and olfactory placode

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52
Q

Placenta accreta

A

placenta in myometrium

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53
Q

abruptio placentae

A

fetal detachment of placenta

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54
Q

placentia previa

A

attachment to lower uterine segment

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55
Q

obturator

A

adduction

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56
Q

femoral

A

thigh flex, leg extend

57
Q

common peroneal

A

foot drop

58
Q

tibial

A

plantarflexion

59
Q

superior gluteal

A

Thigh abduction (positive trendelenburg sign)

60
Q

inferior gluteal

A

can’t jump

61
Q

zona occludens

A

tight junction; prevents diffusion across paracellular space

62
Q

Zona adherens

A

Intermediate junctions; cytoplasmic filaments radiating from cell membrane to hold adjacent cells together; E-cadherin connects to actin

63
Q

Macula adherens

A

Desmosome; small sites of attachment; cadherins to intermediate filaments; Autoantibodies-> pemphigus vulgaris; Keratin to Desmoplakin

64
Q

Gap Junction

A

communication; connexon

65
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

connects to underlying ECM; Bullous pemphigoid

66
Q

Integrin

A

Binds to laminin in BM, maintains integrity of BM

67
Q

CREST

A

Calcinosi, Raynaud’s, Esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodacyly, Telangiectasia; anti-centromere

68
Q

anti-histone

A

drug-induced lupus (procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid, D-penicillamine)

69
Q

Anti-SSA anti-SSB

A

Anti-ro anti-la; Sjogren

70
Q

anti-phospholipid

A

SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome

71
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondyliti, reactive arthritis (reiter’s), Inflammatory Bowel, Psoriatic arthritis, uveitis

72
Q

anti-Scl-70

A

Scleroderma; anti-DNA topoisomerase

73
Q

macule

A

flat discoloration; Tinea versicolor

74
Q

Patch

A

Macule>1cm

75
Q

Papule

A

Elevated skin lesion; ie acne vulgaris

76
Q

Plaque

A

papule>1cm; ie psoriasis

77
Q

Vesicle

A

small fluid blister; ie chickenpox

78
Q

Keloid

A

irregular, raised lesion from scar tissue hypertrophy (follows trauma);

79
Q

bulla

A

Large fluid-containing blister; bullous pemphigoid

80
Q

wheal

A

transient vesicle; ie hives

81
Q

Pustule

A

blister with pus

82
Q

crust

A

dried exudates from vesicle bulla or pustule; ie Impetigo

83
Q

Hyperkaratosis

A

thickening of stratum corneum

84
Q

parakeratosis

A

hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei

85
Q

acatholysis

A

separation of epidermal cells; ie pemphigus vulgaris

86
Q

Acanthosis

A

Epidermal hyperplasia

87
Q

Dermatitis

A

skin inflammation

88
Q

vitiligo

A

depigmentation of patchy areas; dt loss of melanocytes

89
Q

albinism

A

normal melanocytes, decreased tyrosinase so low melanin; can be defective migration of neural crest

90
Q

melasma

A

hyperpigmentation dt pregnancy or OCP use

91
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

insulin resistance (increased IGF stimulate epidermis); Malignancy of GI or GU tract (Gastric most common)

92
Q

Holocrine

A

secretes discharge of entire secretory cells that undergo breakdown to release secretory product

93
Q

Eccrine

A

in skin through most of body. Secretes watery fluid of NaCl “sweat”

94
Q

Apocrine

A

in dermis and subcu fat and breat areolae, axillae, genital. Secrete membran bound sweat into their hair follicles rather then skin surface. Innervated by adrenergics of sympathetic. Become malodorous secondary to skin bacteria

95
Q

Paracrine

A

similar to endocrine but reach target cells by diffusion through extracellular space

96
Q

Purpurae

A

cutaneous or subcutaneous collections of extravasated blood less than 1 cm

97
Q

Petechiae

A

cutaneous collections of extravasated blood less than 5mm. Not palpable, appear in areas of increased venous pressure

98
Q

Lentigos

A

tan or brown macules most often seen on sun-exposed skin of a middle-aged person

99
Q

Telangiectasias

A

small folac permanent dilations of superficial capillaries and venules. Found in skin or mucous membranes. Will blanch

100
Q

Ecchymoses

A

Hemorrhagic lesions (bruises), do not blanch. Cutaneous is a cutaneous or subcutaneous collection of extravasated blood at least 1 cm. Order or increasing size: petechiae, purpura, and ecchymoses.

101
Q

BRAF mutation

A

Melanoma: Valine replaced by glutamate

102
Q

Verrucae

A

Warts. Epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, koilocytosis. HPV

103
Q

Urticaria

A

Hives. Pruritic wheals (transient vesicle) post mast cell degranulation

104
Q

Ephelis

A

Freckle. Increased melanin production

105
Q

first gen cef

A

cefazolin, cephalexin

106
Q

2nd gen cef

A

cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime

107
Q

3rd gen cef

A

ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime

108
Q

4th gen

A

cefipime

109
Q

Bartonella spp.

A

Cat scratch fever

110
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Lyme; Ixodes tick

111
Q

Borrelia recurrentis

A

Recurrent fever; Louse

112
Q

Brucella spp.

A

Brucelosis/undulant fever; Unpasteurized dairy (Like Listeria)

113
Q

Campylobacter

A

bloody diarrhea; puppies, livestock, fecal oral, sexual

114
Q

Chlamydophila psittaci

A

Psittacosis; Parrots, birds

115
Q

Coxiella burnetii

A

Q fever; SPORE inhalation from cattle placenta and tick feces

116
Q

Ehrlichiosis chaffeensis

A

Ehrlichiosis; Lone star tick

117
Q

Francisella tularensis

A

Tularemia; Ticks, rabbits, deer fly

118
Q

Leptospira spp.

A

Leptospirosis; animal urine

119
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy; armadillos

120
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A

cellulitis, osteomyelitis; animal bite, cat, dog

121
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii

A

Epidemic typhus; Louse

122
Q

Rickettsia Rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; Dermacentor tick bite

123
Q

Rickettsia typhus

A

Endemic typhus; fleas

124
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

Plauge; flea bite, rodent, PRAIRIE DOG

125
Q

Rash on palms and soles

A

secondary syphillis, coxsackie A, and Rocky mountain spotted fever

126
Q

spore composition

A

keratin coat; dipicolinic acid

127
Q

DNA viruses

A

Herpes, Hepadna, Adeno, Polyo, Papilloma, Pox, Parvo

128
Q

Enveloped DNA viruses

A

Herpes, Hepadno, Pox

129
Q

Circular DNA

A

Hepadna, Polyo, Papillo

130
Q

Facultative intracellular organisms

A

Salmonella, Neisseria, Leigonella, Yersinia, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Brucella

131
Q

Anthrax toxin

A

Edema factor (calmodulin dependent adenylate cyclase that increases cAMP) and lethal factor

132
Q

Pertussis Toxin

A

Edema-like factor that enters cells and causes increase in cAMP leading to decreased neutrophil function just as edema factor for anthrax

133
Q

Shiga toxin

A

Cleaves rRNA from 60S ribosome. Can lead to HUS

134
Q

diphtheriae toxin

A

Like Exotoxin A from Pseudomonas; ADP-Ribosylation of EF-2

135
Q

Heat labile toxin

A

Increases cAMP by activating adenylate cyclase

136
Q

Heat Stable toxin

A

Increases cGMP by overstimulating guanylate cyclase

137
Q

Yersinia toxin

A

Increases cGMP by overstimulating guanylate cyclase

138
Q

cholera toxin

A

Increases cAMP by irreversibly activating Gs

139
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

Increases cAMP by acting like Adenylat Cyclase enzyme

USMLE (14 decks)

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