Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

USMLE > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bilateral amygdala lesion

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior, extreme curiosity putting things in mouth) Associated with HSV-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

frontal lobe lesion

A

disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orientation, and judgement; may have reemergence of primitive reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

R (non dominant) parietal lobe lesion

A

spatial neglect (agnosia of contralateral side of world)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reticular activating system (midbrain)

A

reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (ie coma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mamillary bodies

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (firs: ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, confusion; korsakoff - memory loss, confabulation, personality change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basal ganglia

A

tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cerebellar hemisphere

A

intention tremor, limb ataxia; damage to the cerebellum results in ipsilateral deficits; fall toward side of lesion (cerebellum -> SCP -> contralateral cortex -> corticospinal decussation = ipsilateral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cerebellar vermis lesion

A

truncal ataxia, dysarthria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

subthalamic nucleus lesion

A

contralateral hemibalismus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hippocampus lesion

A

anterograde amnesion (no new memories)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) lesion

A

Eyes look away from side of lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Frontal eye fields lesion

A

eyes look toward lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Athetosis

A

slow, writhing movements, especially of fingers. Basal ganglia lesion; often seen in Huntington’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Myclonus

A

sudden, brief muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dystonia

A

Sustained, involuntary muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

can’t speak but can understand; inferior frontal gyrus [ on non-dominant side can’t express emotion or inflection in speech ]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

can’t understand but can speak; superior temporal gyrus [ non-dominant side can’t comprehend emotion or inflection in speech ]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Global aphasia

A

both broca and wernicke; nonfluent aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conduction

A

poor repitition but fluent speech, intact comprehension; acruate fasciculus (can’t repeat pharses such as no ifs, ands, or buts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Watershed lesion

A

man in a barrell; higher order visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Wallenberg (PICA lesion

A

ipsilateral horners, ataxia, vertigo/vomiting, contralateral pain and temp loss, ipsilateral pain and temp loss from face, nucleus ambiguus so loss of swallowing/hoarsness/gag reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anterior spinal artery lesion

A

Loss of pyramids so contralateral hemiparesis of lower limbs, decreased propriception from loss of medial lemniscus, ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction from hypoglossal nucleus lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

AICA lesion

A

occurs in lateral pons - hist nucleus VII, VI, Vestiubular nucleus, sympathetics, spinal trigeminal: Facial nerve defects such as paralysis, loss of taste from ant tongue, no corneal reflex, reduced ipsilateral hearing because of cochlear nucleus, ipsilateral horner’s, decreased lacrimation and salivation— facial droop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

berry aneurysm of posterior communicating arteries

A

CN III - palsy due to compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Weber syndrome (paramedial branches of PCA)

A

lesions the substantia nigra (contralateral parkinson), corticospinal tract (contralateral paresis), corticobulbar tract (facial muscles), oculomotor nerve fibers (ipsilateral CN III)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

wednig hoffman disease

A

autosomal recessive disease, also known as infantile spinal muscular atrophy; presents with floppy baby, tongue fasciculations at birth, death by 7 months. Degeneration of anterior horns (LMN involvement only just like polio and west nile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

biceps reflex

A

C5, 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

triceps reflex

A

C7, 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Patella reflex

A

L4, 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Achilles reflex

A

S1, 2

31
Q

Moro reflex

A

hang on for life newborn reflex

32
Q

rooting reflex

A

nipple seeking

33
Q

sucking reflex

A

sucking when roof of mouth is touched

34
Q

palmar and plantar reflexes

A

curling of fingers or toes on touching palms or soles

35
Q

gallant reflex

A

stroking along one side of spine causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stimulated side

36
Q

Perinaud syndrome

A

lesion of superior colliculus; disrupts conjugate verticle gaze

37
Q

cavernous sinus syndrome

A

Ophthalmoplegia plus V1 and V2 sensory loss. CNs III, IV, V1 V2, VI run through plus the internal carotid

38
Q

muscles of mastication

A

lateral pterygoid opens mouth; masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid closes

39
Q

Migraine

A

female, fam history, unilateral, pulsatile/throbbing, 4 to 72 hours, auras, photophobia, nausea

40
Q

Cluster headache

A

Male, no fam hx, onset during sl, behind eye, excruiating sharp and steady, 15 to 90 min, sweating, facial flushing, nasal congestion lacrimation, pupillary changes

41
Q

Tension headache

A

female, usually from stress, band-like pattern around head (bilateral vs. migrain unilaterality), dull tight and persistent pain (versus throbbing like migraine), 30 min to 7 days, muscle tenderness in head neck or shoulders

42
Q

Thalamic syndrome

A

vascular lesion of thalamus results in VPL and VPM nuclei damage causing contralateral sensory loss of both face and body

43
Q

lipohyalinosi

A

the primary cause of lacunar infarcts along with microatheromas. They are believed to be priary cause of lacunar infarcts. It is a destructive vessel lesion characterized by loss of normal arterial architecture, mural foam cells.

44
Q

area postrema

A

specialized fenestrated capilary region allows brain to sample chemicals and is responsible for vomiting reflex (lies in dorsal medulla near fourth ventricle).

45
Q

meniere’s disease

A

disorder of inner ear d/t increased volume of endolymph maybe due to defective resorption of endolymph. Results in vestibular and cochlear components. Triad of tinnitus, vertigo, and sensorineural hearing loss

46
Q

damaged in wilson’s

A

lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen) [remember hepaticolenticular degeneration]; manifestations include wing-beating tremor, psychosis and cirrhosis.

47
Q

Ring enhancing lesion differential

A

metastases, abscesses, toxoplasmosis, primary CNS lymphoma

48
Q

essential tremor

A

samilial tremor. AD. Often improves with alcohol consumption. First line treatment is beta blockers

49
Q

diabetic CN III neuropathy

A

CN III neuropathy is ischemic and does not involve the parasympathetics due to their alternative blood supply

50
Q

S-100

A

Schwann cell and melanocyte because of neural crest origin

51
Q

subacute sclerosing encephalitis

A

complication of measles from recovered disease years later. May be caused by virus that is missing antigen which allows them to avoid immune clearance and persists in CNS. CHILDREN have progressive dementia and neurologic deficits, slowly progressive but fatal. High antibody titer in CSF. Oligoclonal bands, but NO antibodies to M-component (antigen) of virus.

52
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

caused by JC virus. Papova family (circular DNA)

53
Q

Hyperpyrexia

A

temp greater than 40 C. can lead to permanent brain damage. Emergent treatment is cold blankets. Can be triggered by inflammation via exogenous pyrogens or drugs or malignancy. IL-1 and IL-6 and TNF mediated. Stimulate arachidonic acid from cell membranes by PL-A2 synthsis of PGE2 leads to increase in thermoregulatory set point (this is why aspirin and acetomenonphin are fever reducers). Purkinje cells of cerebellum especially sensitive to high temps.

54
Q

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

A

recurrent lobar hemorrhages in elderly patients. Beta amyloid deposited into arterial wall leading to weakening of the wall and predisposition to rupture. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with advanced age and is not related to systemic amyloidosis. Recurrent hemorrhagic stroke is most common presentation. Less severe than hemorrhages via HTN. Occur in cerebral hemispheres (Vs HTN that involve basal ganglia)

55
Q

Nucleus ceruleus

A

NE- secreting neurons; fight or flight response. Dorsal pons

56
Q

Raphe nucleus

A

Serotonin neurons in brainstem Project throughout CNS. Sleep-wake cycle, arousal. Lesions lead to insomnia and depression. Antidepressants work by prolonging amount of time that serotonin spends in synaptic cleft.

57
Q

Nucus basalis of Meynert

A

Ach neurons. Destroyed in alzheimers

58
Q

Red nucleus

A

anterior midbrain. Motor coordination of upper extremities

59
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

motor activities. Atrophy in huntington, loss of cholinergic and GABA-releasing neurons

60
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Dopaminergic neurons

61
Q

caudate nucleus blood supply

A

deep branches of the ACA

62
Q

Lentiform nucleus blood supply

A

inferior division of the MCA

63
Q

Anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule

A

anterior limb is supplied by ACA deep branches (located next to caudate); posterior limb is supplied by the choroidal artery which is a branch off the internal carotid (also supplies optic tract, lateral geniculate body, choroid plexus, uncus, hippocampus and amygdala)

64
Q

PCA supplies

A

CN III and IV and other mdibrain structures. Thalamus, mesial temporal, corpus callosum, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyus, and occipital lobe

65
Q

nerve physiology; time constant

A

the amount of time it takes for the membrane to change potential. Measure of capacitance; myelination decreases time constant thus allowing membrane potential to change more rapidly

66
Q

Nerve physiology; length constant

A

measure of how far along an axon an electrical impulse can propagate; Myelination increases the length constant.

67
Q

acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid

A

Neural tube defects along with AFP

68
Q

POMC

A

proopiomelanocortin. A polypeptide precursor that goes through enzymatic cleavage and modification to produce not only beta-endorphins but also ACTH and MSH (this suggests a possibly close linkage between stress axis and opiod system)

69
Q

Mu receptor action

A

morphine and opioid agonists activate G-protein Mu receptor which one of its many effects is to hyperpolarize a cell by increasing K efflux.

70
Q

Paralysis of upward gaze

A

Parinaud syndrome (a dorsal midbrain syndrome) occurs in tumors of pineal region

71
Q

Germinoma

A

most common tumor of the pineal gland, from embryonic germ cells, patients present with precocious puberty via hCG production. Aqueductal compression may result in hydrocephalus, and parinaud syndrome which includes paralysis of upward gaze and convergence (this is due to compression of tectal area)

72
Q

polyhydramnios

A

excessive aumulation of amniotic fluid due to decreased swallowing or increased urination. Impaired swallowing can be due to gi obstruction and anencephaly.

73
Q

synaptophysin

A

found in presynaptic vesicles of neurons, neuroendocrine and neuroectodermal cells. CNS tumors of neuronal origin stain positive for synaptophysin. Neoplasms of glial origin (astrocytomas, ependymomas, and oligodendrogliomas) stain GFAP

74
Q

germinal matrix

A

common area of bleeding in prematrue babies into the lateral ventricles. It is a highly cellular and vascularized layer in the sventricular zone from which neurons and glial cells migrate out during brain development. Matrix contains numerous thin-walled vessels lacking glial fibers that support other blood vessels throughout brain

USMLE (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions