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USMLE > Embryology part 1 > Flashcards

Embryology part 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Sonic Hedgehog gene

A

Organizes embryo along anterior-posterior axis; Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity. Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis

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2
Q

Wnt-7 gene

A

Dorsal-ventral axis; Produced at apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developing limb). Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis

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3
Q

FGF gene

A

Prodeced at apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs; defect= short limbs

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4
Q

Homeobox (Hox) gene

A

Involved in segmental organization of embryo in a craniocaudal direction. Mutations = appendages in wrong location

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5
Q

day 2

A

zygote

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6
Q

day 3

A

morula

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7
Q

day 5

A

blastocyst

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8
Q

day 6

A

blastocyst implantation

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9
Q

week 1

A

hCG secretion after implantation

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10
Q

Week 2

A

bilaminar disc (epiblast, hypoblast); 2 germ layers, 2 cavities (amniotic and yolk), 2 placenta components (cyto/syncytiotrophoblast)

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11
Q

Week 3

A

Trilaminar disc (3 week, 3 germ layers). Gastrulation. Primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm and its organization and neural plate begins to form

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12
Q

Week 3 to 8

A

Embryonic period. Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4. Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens

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13
Q

Week 4

A

4 week, 4 heart chambers, 4 limbs. Heart begins to beat. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form.

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14
Q

Week 8 (fetal period)

A

fetal movement, fetus looks like a baby

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15
Q

Week 10

A

genitalia have male/female characteristics

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16
Q

Alar plate

A

dorsal. Sensory

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17
Q

Basal plate

A

ventral. Motor

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18
Q

Notochord derivative

A

induces overlying ectoderm to become neuroectoderm and form neural plate which gives rise to neural tube and neural crest

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19
Q

Surface ectoderm Derivatives

A

Adenohypophysis from Rathke’s pouch (craniopharyngioma-tumor with cholesterol crystals and calcification); lens; epithelial linings of oral cavity, sensory organs of ear, olfactory epithelium; epidermis; anal canal below pectinate line; salivary, sweat, mammary glands

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20
Q

Neuroectoderm derivatives

A

Brain (neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland), retin, spinal cord

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21
Q

Neural Crest

A

ANS, dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerves, celiac ganglion, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, parafollicular cells of thyroid, Schwann cells, pia and arachnoid, bones of skull, odontoblasts, aorticopulmonary septum.

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22
Q

Endodermal derivatives

A

Gut tube epithelium (anal canal above pectinate) and derivatives (lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)

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23
Q

Mesoderm Derivatices

A

Notochord (nucleus pulposus), Muslce, bone, CT, serous linings, spleen, cardiovascular structures, lymph, blood, bladder, urethra, vagina, eustachian tube, kidneys, adrenal cortex, skin dermis, testes, ovaries.

24
Q

Malformation

A

intrinsic disruption of developing structure; weeks 3 to 8 are critical

25
Q

Deformation

A

extrinsic disruption that occurs usually after the embryonic period

26
Q

Agenesis

A

is an absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

27
Q

Hypoplasia

A

incomplete organ development and primordial tissue is usually present

28
Q

Aplasia

A

absent organ despite present primordial tissue

29
Q

ACE Teratogen

A

Renal damage

30
Q

alkylating agent Teratogen

A

absence of digits, multiple anomalies

31
Q

aminoglycosides Teratogen

A

CN VIII toxicity

32
Q

Carbamazepine Teratogen

A

Neural tube defects, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay

33
Q

DES

A

vaginal clear cell adenocarcionoma

34
Q

Folate Antagonists

A

Neurl tube defects

35
Q

Lithium Teratogen

A

ebstein’s anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)

36
Q

Phenytoin Teratogen

A

fetal hydantion syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, mental retardation

37
Q

Tetracycline Teratogen

A

Discolored teeth

38
Q

Thalidomide

A

Limb defects

39
Q

Valproate Teratogen

A

Inhibitition of maternal folate absorption leading to neural tube defects

40
Q

Warfarin Teratogen

A

Bone deformitites, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophthalmologic abnormalities

41
Q

Alcohol Teratogen

A

Leading cause of birth defects and retardation and microcephaly

42
Q

Cocaine Teratogen

A

placental abruption; addiction

43
Q

Smoking Teratogen

A

preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD

44
Q

Iodide Teratogen

A

Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism

45
Q

Maternal diabetes Teratogen

A

Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia), congenital heart defects, neural tube defects)

46
Q

Vitamin A excess in gestation

A

Extremely high risk of spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)

47
Q

Developing brain primary vesicles

A

Week 4: Forebrain (prosenecephalon), Midbrain (mesencephalon), Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

48
Q

Secondary vesicles of brain (after week4)

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon (from prosencephalon); Mesencephalon (from mesencephalon); Metencephalon and myelencephalon (from rhombencephalon)

49
Q

Telencephalon adult structures

A

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

50
Q

Diencephalon

A

from prosencephalon; thalamus and third ventricle

51
Q

Mesencephalon adult structures

A

From mesencephalon; Midbrain and aqueduct

52
Q

Metencephalon adult structures

A

From rhombencephalon; pons and cerebellum and upper fourth ventricle

53
Q

Myelencephalon adult derivatives

A

From rhombencephalon; Medulla, lower part of fourth ventricle

54
Q

Anencephaly

A

malformation of anterior end of neural tube; no brain/calvarium, elevated AFP

55
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Associated with Fetal alcohol and Patau’s; no separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia

56
Q

Chiari II

A

Herniation through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephayly, assoc. with syringomyelia and lumbar myelomeningocele

57
Q

Dandy-walker

A

Large posterior fossa; absent cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle. Can lead to spina bifida

USMLE (14 decks)

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