Useful info paper 1 and 2

Question 1

What is the resolution of a device?

Answer 1

The smallest change that he device can measure.

Question 1

How does Urea diffuse in the body?

Answer 1

It diffuses from cells into the blood for excretion in the kidney.

Question 2

Apart from the large surface area, short diffusion distance and the good blood supply, what other adaptation does the lungs have?

Answer 2

Moist membranes

Question 3

Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

asexual

Question 4

Apart from ethical issues, what other issues are there with using embryonic stem cells?

Answer 4

There is a risk of transferring viral diseases to the patient.

The treatment is newer, so the possibility of using them is uncertain.

Question 5

What two advantages are there with using embryonic stem cells?

Answer 5

They can differentiate into any type of cell.

They are easier to obtain.

Question 6

Give an example of a disadvantage witn using plant meristems in cloning.

Answer 6

There is no genetic variation, so if an infection occurs, all clones will likely die.

Question 7

What enzymes does the pancreas make?

Answer 7

Amylase, lipase, protease

Question 8

What is the heart made from?

Answer 8

Cardiac muscle supplied with oxygen by the coronary artery.

Question 9

How is heart rate controlled in the heart?

Answer 9

A group of cells in the right atrium generate electrical impulses.

Question 10

What kind of diseases are salmonella and gonorrhoea?

Answer 10

Bacterial

Question 11

What kind of disease are measles, HIV and TMV?

Answer 11

viruses

Question 12

What example of a fungi is used?

Answer 12

Rose Black Spot

Question 13

What example of protist diseases do we use?

Answer 13

Malaria

Question 14

How do you treat Rose Black Spot?

Answer 14

Fungicides
Removing affected leaves

Question 15

How do you treat malaria?

Answer 15

Prevent mosquitoes from breeding
Mosquito nets
Anti-malarial medicine

Question 16

What are the three steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 16

Alerted to area of infection

Surrounds and engulfs pathogens

Enzymes digest and destroy pathogen

Question 17

What two ways do lymphocytes fight pathogens?

Answer 17

Making antitoxins - neutralising the toxins
Making antibodies - help destroy specific pathogens

Question 18

What is the most common antibiotic misconception?

Answer 18

Bacteria become resistant and not immune to antibiotic and they evolve to do so.

Question 19

Where does digitalis come from?

Answer 19

Foxglove

Question 20

What is digitalis used for?

Answer 20

Heart arrhythmia

Question 21

What is aspirin used for?

Answer 21

A painkiller

Question 22

Where does aspirin come from?

Answer 22

willow trees

Question 23

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 23

Alexander Fleming

Question 24

What happens in preclinical trials?

Answer 24

Drugs are tested on cells, tissues and live animals.

Question 25

What happens in clinical trials?

Answer 25

Healthy volunteers receive low doses to test efficacy Larger numbers are tested on to find optimum dose

Question 26

What is a double-blind trial?

Answer 26

Where neither the patients nor doctors know whether the real drug or placebo has been used

Question 27

To create monoclonal antibodies, which organism is injected?

Answer 27

A mouse

Question 28

What is the name of lymphocytes and tumour cells that are fused together?

Answer 28

Hybridoma

Question 29

What aspetic techniques are used before culturing?

Answer 29

Sterilise culture media and agar Wipe the table with disinfectant Pass inoculating loop through a bunsen flame.

Question 30

Why do we lift the lid as little as possible in the aseptic techniques practical?

Answer 30

To reduce aerobic microorganisms from the air.

Question 31

What is CHD caused by?

Answer 31

When fatty material builds up within the coronary arteries.

Question 32

What happens when coronary arteries are blocked?

Answer 32

Blood flow is reduced, resulting in less oxygen for the cardiac muscle, leading to heart attacks.

Question 33

What happens when type 2 diabetes occurs?

Answer 33

The body cannot control production of insulin so blood glucose levels cannot be controlled.

Question 34

What are the three main results of drinking alcohol?

Answer 34

Impaired liver function Impaired brain function Foetal alcohol syndrome

Question 35

What is liver cirrhosis?

Answer 35

The liver cannot remove toxins as cells are damaged.

Question 36

What problems would alcohol have for babies?

Answer 36

There could be miscarriages, premature births and birth defects

Question 37

What problems do smoking have?

Answer 37

Causes lung disease and cancers Affect development of unborn babies

Question 38

What do carinogens cause?

Answer 38

cancers

Question 39

What are tumours caused by?

Answer 39

Uncontrollable cell division

Question 40

What is a limiting factor?

Answer 40

Something that limits the rate of a reaction.

Question 41

What is the independent variable?

Answer 41

The variable that you change.

Question 42

What is the dependent variable?

Answer 42

The variable you measure.

Question 43

What is the relationship between light intensity and distance?

Answer 43

Light intensity is proportional to 1/distance2

Question 44

What 5 uses are there for glucose produced in photosynthesis?

Answer 44

Used in aerobic respiration to release energy Converted into starch Production of lipids Production of amino acids Produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls

Question 44

What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

Answer 44

Endothermic

Question 45

What kind of reaction is respiration?

Answer 45

Exothermic

Question 46

What is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 46

C6H12O6 --> 2C3H6O3

Question 47

Why does lactic acid lead to oxygen debt?

Answer 47

Oxygen is needed to make lactic acid into glucose in the liver.

Question 48

What type of cell can bone marrow stem cells only specialise into?

Answer 48

Blood cells

Question 49

What happens to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm when you breathe in?

Answer 49

They contract and pull the ribcage up and out

Question 50

Which materials are dissolved in the blood plasma?

Answer 50

urea, carbon dioxide, hormones, amino acids

Question 51

What is the result of a lack of nitrates?

Answer 51

Protein synthesis can't occur and growth is stunted.

Question 52

What is chlorosis?

Answer 52

Where there is a magnesium deficiency, causing leaves to discolour and causing stunted growth due to less chlorophyll.

Question 53

What is Athlete's Foot caused by?

Answer 53

A fungi