Useful info paper 1 and 2 Flashcards
What is the resolution of a device?
The smallest change that he device can measure.
How does Urea diffuse in the body?
It diffuses from cells into the blood for excretion in the kidney.
Apart from the large surface area, short diffusion distance and the good blood supply, what other adaptation does the lungs have?
Moist membranes
Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?
asexual
Apart from ethical issues, what other issues are there with using embryonic stem cells?
There is a risk of transferring viral diseases to the patient.
The treatment is newer, so the possibility of using them is uncertain.
What two advantages are there with using embryonic stem cells?
They can differentiate into any type of cell.
They are easier to obtain.
Give an example of a disadvantage witn using plant meristems in cloning.
There is no genetic variation, so if an infection occurs, all clones will likely die.
What enzymes does the pancreas make?
Amylase, lipase, protease
What is the heart made from?
Cardiac muscle supplied with oxygen by the coronary artery.
How is heart rate controlled in the heart?
A group of cells in the right atrium generate electrical impulses.
What kind of diseases are salmonella and gonorrhoea?
Bacterial
What kind of disease are measles, HIV and TMV?
viruses
What example of a fungi is used?
Rose Black Spot
What example of protist diseases do we use?
Malaria
How do you treat Rose Black Spot?
Fungicides
Removing affected leaves
How do you treat malaria?
Prevent mosquitoes from breeding
Mosquito nets
Anti-malarial medicine
What are the three steps of phagocytosis?
Alerted to area of infection
Surrounds and engulfs pathogens
Enzymes digest and destroy pathogen
What two ways do lymphocytes fight pathogens?
Making antitoxins - neutralising the toxins
Making antibodies - help destroy specific pathogens
What is the most common antibiotic misconception?
Bacteria become resistant and not immune to antibiotic and they evolve to do so.
Where does digitalis come from?
Foxglove
What is digitalis used for?
Heart arrhythmia
What is aspirin used for?
A painkiller
Where does aspirin come from?
willow trees
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What happens in preclinical trials?
Drugs are tested on cells, tissues and live animals.
What happens in clinical trials?
Healthy volunteers receive low doses to test efficacy
Larger numbers are tested on to find optimum dose
What is a double-blind trial?
Where neither the patients nor doctors know whether the real drug or placebo has been used
To create monoclonal antibodies, which organism is injected?
A mouse
What is the name of lymphocytes and tumour cells that are fused together?
Hybridoma
What aspetic techniques are used before culturing?
Sterilise culture media and agar
Wipe the table with disinfectant
Pass inoculating loop through a bunsen flame.
Why do we lift the lid as little as possible in the aseptic techniques practical?
To reduce aerobic microorganisms from the air.
What is CHD caused by?
When fatty material builds up within the coronary arteries.
What happens when coronary arteries are blocked?
Blood flow is reduced, resulting in less oxygen for the cardiac muscle, leading to heart attacks.
What happens when type 2 diabetes occurs?
The body cannot control production of insulin so blood glucose levels cannot be controlled.
What are the three main results of drinking alcohol?
Impaired liver function
Impaired brain function
Foetal alcohol syndrome
What is liver cirrhosis?
The liver cannot remove toxins as cells are damaged.
What problems would alcohol have for babies?
There could be miscarriages, premature births and birth defects
What problems do smoking have?
Causes lung disease and cancers
Affect development of unborn babies
What do carinogens cause?
cancers
What are tumours caused by?
Uncontrollable cell division
What is a limiting factor?
Something that limits the rate of a reaction.
What is the independent variable?
The variable that you change.
What is the dependent variable?
The variable you measure.
What is the relationship between light intensity and distance?
Light intensity is proportional to 1/distance2
What 5 uses are there for glucose produced in photosynthesis?
Used in aerobic respiration to release energy
Converted into starch
Production of lipids
Production of amino acids
Produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls
What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?
Endothermic
What kind of reaction is respiration?
Exothermic
What is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 –> 2C3H6O3
Why does lactic acid lead to oxygen debt?
Oxygen is needed to make lactic acid into glucose in the liver.
What type of cell can bone marrow stem cells only specialise into?
Blood cells
What happens to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm when you breathe in?
They contract and pull the ribcage up and out
Which materials are dissolved in the blood plasma?
urea, carbon dioxide, hormones, amino acids
What is the result of a lack of nitrates?
Protein synthesis can’t occur and growth is stunted.
What is chlorosis?
Where there is a magnesium deficiency, causing leaves to discolour and causing stunted growth due to less chlorophyll.
What is Athlete’s Foot caused by?
A fungi
