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AQA Biology Triple Science - All Topics 🧫🔬🧬 > Topic 5 - Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can be passed from one person to another.

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2
Q

What are communicable diseases caused by?

A

Pathogens.

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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Organisms that harm our body like bacteria, viruses or protists.

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4
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that cannot be transferred from one person to another and can only be developed due to one’s lifestyle or inherited from your ancestors.

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5
Q

How does diet affect the development of non-communicable diseases?

A

If you eat too little you become malnourished and your body does not grow properly, if you eat too much fatty deposits and little insulin can lead to type 2 diabetes.

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6
Q

What other situations affect the development of non-communicable diseases?

A

1) The country you live in.
2) Your gender.
3) Your financial status.
4) Local rubbish disposal.
5) How many children you have.
6) The level of healthcare you have.

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7
Q

How does stress affect the development of non-communicable diseases?

A

Very high levels of stress can lead to heart problems, mental health issues and certain cancers.

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8
Q

Name three differences between viruses and bacteria.

A

1) Viruses are protein capsules whereas bacteria are prokaryotes.
2) Viruses only reproduce inside a cell whereas bacteria reproduce anywhere.
3) Bacteria can be helpful in yogurt, cheese and decomposition whereas viruses are always harmful.

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9
Q

What is the name given to the way bacteria reproduce? How is this different to mitosis?

A

Bacteria reproduce through binary fission, this means two identical cells are made from one cell, this isn’t like mitosis as there is no nucleus to split.

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10
Q

How often do bacteria reproduce and what else do they produce that is harmful?

A

Bacteria reproduce (or double in size) every 20 mins and they produce toxins that harm the body.

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11
Q

Why do you get tired when affected by a pathogen?

A

All of your body’s energy is used to create specific B Lymphocytes to fight off the pathogen.

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12
Q

Why are some people affected by a fever when affected by a pathogen?

A

Your body is trying to get the bacteria to die by increasing body temperature.

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13
Q

Why are some people affected by a cold fever when affected by a pathogen?

A

Enzymes work slowly which slows down reproduction in the body.

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14
Q

Why are you have a sore throat when affected by a pathogen?

A

Cells are burst by the pathogen and glands are therefore swollen.

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15
Q

Why do people have diarrhoea when affected by a pathogen?

A

The body is trying to get rid of the virus.

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16
Q

Why do people have a cough or blocked nose when affected by a pathogen?

A

The body is making excess microbes to fight the pathogen.

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17
Q

Why do people get headaches from having a pathogen?

A

The body is focusing on responding to toxins so less blood is flowed to the brain.

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18
Q

How are pathogens spread by air?

A

Many pathogens are carried in droplets that come out of your mouth or nose when you breathe, sneeze or cough. Other people inhale the droplets and become infected.

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19
Q

How are pathogens spread by contact?

A

Bacteria living on hands are transferred to the other person as when your hand gets close to your mouth the pathogens enter the mouth and then into your body.

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20
Q

How are pathogens spread by contact?

A

Bacteria living on hands are transferred to the other person as when your hand gets close to your mouth the pathogens enter the mouth and then into your body.

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21
Q

How else can communicable diseases be spread?

A

By water, when you eat undercooked food or drink sewage water, particles living in the water enter your body.

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22
Q

What is an aseptic technique?

A

A way of working that takes special precautions to avoid contamination of unwanted pathogens.

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23
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

A substance capable of destroying of pathogens.

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24
Q

What is a sterilised surface?

A

A surface that has been washed and treated to destroy pathogens.

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25
Q

How do you cultivate bacteria in agar jelly?

A

1) Sterilise all surfaces with disinfectant and wash hands.
2) Heat an inoculating loop in a Bunsen flame until it is red hot.
3) Heat the top of the bottom under a Bunsen flame for a second.
4) Dip a sterile loop into the microbe sample and put he cap back on.
5) Slightly life the lid of the agar and smear the loop over it and close it.
6) Seal the petri with agar gel and keep it at 25 degrees for 2-3 days.
7) Swab the apparatus with disinfectant and wash hands.

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26
Q

Why do we use aseptic techniques?

A

To prevent the unwanted spread of potential pathogens on surfaces and prevent infection.

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27
Q

What is the name of an infected area of agar gel?

A

Inhibition zone.

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28
Q

What is the equation used to figure out the zone of inhibition?

A

Area = pi x radius2

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29
Q

What is the definition of hygiene?

A

The practice of principles keeping yourself and your environment clean in order to minimise the risk of infection and maintain health.

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30
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis observe?

A

Medical wards that had nurses who went from one ward to another had a higher fatality rate than a ward with nurses who stayed in the same ward.

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31
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis think was causing the difference in fatality rate?

A

The nurses going from one ward to another were transferring something to the other ward.

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32
Q

What did Semmelweis do to test his hypothesis?

A

He set up two wards. In one ward they used hygiene and washed hands all the time. In the other ward they did not use hygiene and the results showed that the hygiene decreased fatality rate dramatically.

33
Q

What was the problem for Semmelweis?

A

Most people didn’t understand pathogens and thus didn’t believe his results.

34
Q

What other discoveries helped improve hygiene?

A

1) Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms caused disease and created vaccines to fight against them.
2) Joseph Lister used antiseptic chemicals to kill pathogens.
3) As microscopes became more widespread more people believed that pathogens caused diseases.

35
Q

How does isolation help prevent disease?

A

When a person has a really infectious disease they are kept away from others to prevent its spread.

36
Q

What are vectors of disease and how do we fight them?

A

Vectors of disease are things that carry diseases like mosquitoes who carry Malaria. A common way to fix this is to kill vectors to prevent the spread.

37
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

A small dead or inactive dose of the given virus is given to you to make your body create antibodies to prevent you from becoming sick from it in the future.

38
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

A red skin rash and a fever.

39
Q

What can happen if you get measles?

A

Brain damage, blindness and death in children.

40
Q

How can we combat measles?

A

By vaccinating our children.

41
Q

How is HIV/AIDS spread? What are the symptoms of this disease?

A

HIV is spread by direct sexual contact and the mixing of bodily fluids. It badly damages the immune system until it cannot deal with other diseases.

42
Q

How do we combat HIV/AIDS?

A

By using condoms or other forms of contraceptive, not engaging with infected people and using antiretroviral drugs.

43
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus and what does it do?

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus is a virus that kills plant cells and causes discolouration of leaves.

44
Q

How is TMV spread?

A

Direct contact between infected and healthy plants or infection from the soil as TMV can live in the soil for 50 years.

45
Q

How can we prevent the spread of TMV

A

By using good field hygiene to prevent the spread through the soil and pest control to prevent the spread through vectors.

46
Q

What are salmonella bacteria? What do they cause?

A

Bacteria found in raw meat like chicken or beef. They cause an imbalance of bacteria in the body, causing salmonella poisoning.

47
Q

What is salmonella like for adults, children and the elderly?

A

Salmonella is not extremely serious for adults as their immune system is stronger, but for those who have weaker immune systems like children and elderly, it can be fatal.

48
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted disease that is spread by unprotected sexual contact. It starts unserious but can turn into a yellow or green discharge from males and females. Some may receive eye infections and babies may be blind.

49
Q

How do we prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?

A

Using protection during sexual contact and staying away from infected people.

50
Q

What can develop fungal infection in humans?

A

Ingestion of harmful fungi and damaging heart valves.

51
Q

What can we use to treat fungal infections like Athlete’s foot?

A

Antifungal drugs.

52
Q

What is rose black spot and what does it cause?

A

Rose black spot is a fungal disease causing black or purple spots on plants, leaves often turn yellow or die because they are unable to carry out photosynthesis.

53
Q

How does a plant become infected with rose black spot?

A

Infections are caused from spores of fungus carried by the air entering the plant and causing an infection. They are spread around the plant by rainwater and stay dormant during winter on the leaves.

54
Q

How can we prevent the spread of rose black spot?

A

Chemical fungicides.

55
Q

What are protists?

A

Diseases carried by a vector to an infected person or plant.

56
Q

What is Malaria?

A

A protist disease caused by the vector (mosquitoes) that are parasites, they need to be in a human body to complete their life cycle. The protists reproduce sexually in the mosquitos and asexually in a human. The mosquitoes suck into the blood of a human, releasing the protist into the blood stream.

57
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A

Recurrent episodes of shaking and fever when protists burst from the cells, affecting the liver and damaging the red blood cells.

57
Q

How can we prevent Malaria’s spread and deadliness?

A

We can use insecticide-impregnated nests to prevent mosquitoes from biting humans, using insecticides to kill mosquitoes in homes and offices, not allowing the mosquitoes to breed by removing standing water and spraying insects with water to kill larvae, taking antimalarial drugs before travelling to an affected area.

58
Q

Why are our bodies ideal for the life of pathogens?

A

Our body is warm at 37 degrees, we are a source of water for the pathogens, we are full of materials like amino acids.

59
Q

What is our body’s first line of defence against pathogens?

A

Using skin and chemicals on it to prevent viruses from entering and killing them on our skin. Mucus is created to stop pathogens from entering, our tears are salty to prevent them from entering through our eyes and skin cells are thick layers.

60
Q

What is the body’s 2nd line of defence against pathogens, if they enter the body?

A

Phagocytes engulf pathogens in our blood to prevent them from reproducing, enzymes break down bacteria to prevent them from reproducing too. Phagocytes are non-specific and therefore destroy any pathogens before they divide too much.

61
Q

What is the body’s 3rd line of defence against pathogens?

A

If phagocytes cannot engulf all of the pathogen, specific lymphocytes will be created, these produce specific shape antitoxins and antibodies which fight the effects of the pathogens and break them down. When a pathogen enters the body its antigen tells the lymphocytes to produce antibodies to bind to the antigen.

62
Q

How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?

A

By engulfing the pathogen and digesting it for its useful resources, destroying it in the process.

63
Q

What is a way that lymphocytes destroy pathogens?

A

They mark the antigens of the pathogen for destruction, via the phagocytes.

64
Q

What is another way lymphocytes destroy pathogens?

A

They produce anti-toxins which neutralise toxins produced by the pathogen.

65
Q

How do aphids work?

A

They use their stylet to suck sugary cell sap from the phloem for energy, in doing so, releasing viruses from their salivary glands into the plant.

66
Q

Why are calcium ions needed for plants?

A

Calcium ions help to hold the plant together, creating the structure in the cell wall and cell membrane.

67
Q

Why are magnesium ions needed for plants?

A

Magnesium ions are needed to create chlorophyll and this is used for photosynthesis, which is used for cell growth.

68
Q

Why are phosphate ions needed for plants?

A

They are required for ATP and ADP forms of energy. They are also used for supporting the cell structure.

69
Q

Why are nitrate ions needed for plants?

A

Nitrates are used to make amino acids, which are used to make proteins and they are used for cell growth.

70
Q

How can aphids be destroyed?

A

Using chemical or biological pesticides.

71
Q

Give 7 signs of plant disease.

A

1) Random growth.
2) Stunted growth.
3) Discolouration.
4) Presence of pests.
5) Spots on leaves.
6) Areas of rot.
7) Malformed leaves.

72
Q

What physical barriers do plants have against pathogens?

A

Cellulose cell walls prevent pathogens from entering the cell, tree bark prevents pathogens from entering the body of the tree through the skin.

73
Q

What chemical defences do plants have against pathogens?

A

Some paints produce anti-microbial chemicals to fight pathogens, others produce poisons to kill vectors of disease.

74
Q

What mechanics defences do plants have against pathogens?

A

Some plants have thorns or nettles which prevent predators from eating them, they also pretend to be infected by using colours which make them seem like they have been infected and deter predators.

75
Q

How is measels spread?

A

Through air particles.

76
Q

What are the symptoms of measels?

A

Coughing, red fever.

77
Q
A

AQA Biology Triple Science - All Topics 🧫🔬🧬 (32 decks)

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