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AQA Biology Triple Science - All Topics 🧫🔬🧬 > Topic 1- Cell Structure and Transport > Flashcards

Topic 1- Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Calculating magnification- If the eyepiece lens is x4 and the objective lens is x10, what is the total magnification of the microscope?

A

4x10 = 40

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2
Q

Finish the sentence about the differences between light and electron microscopes- “Light microscopes have a _________ resolution than electron microscopes are ________ expensive than light microscopes”

A

Smaller, more.

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3
Q

Finish the equation to find magnification - Image size = __________ x size of ______ ________

A

Magnification, size of real object

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4
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls all activities of the cell.

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5
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Allows reactions to take place in its liquid gel and holds the cell together.

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6
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell like glucose or water and is semi-permeable.

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7
Q

What do the mitochondria do?

A

Allows aerobic respiration to take place, providing energy for the cell.

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8
Q

What purpose do the ribosomes serve?

A

This is where protein synthesis takes place, making all protein needed in the cell.

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9
Q

Plant and animal cells share many characteristics but plant cells have three extra organelles that separate them from plant cells, which are they?

A: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts
B: Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Vacuole
C: Vacuole, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm.

A

B: Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Vacuole.

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10
Q

Plant and animal cells are examples of what type of cell?

A: Prokaryotic
B: Eukaryotic

A

B: Eukaryotic.

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11
Q

The chemical that stores genetic information is called?

A

DNA.

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12
Q

Finish the sentence with the collect letter answer - Bacteria are _______-celled organisms.

A: Single-celled
B: Multi-celled.

A

A: Single-celled.

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13
Q

Finish the sentence about bacterium - Humans are unable to see bacteria without a __________.

A

Microscope.

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14
Q

The Human eye can only see as small as a eukaryotic cell which is ___ __ in length. What letter finishes the sentence?

A: 100 micrometers
B: 10 micrometers

A

100 micrometers.

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15
Q

A light microscope can see far more than the human eye, being able to see prokaryotic cells at as low as _ micrometer(s). What letter finishes the sentence?

A: 10 micrometers
B: 1 micrometer

A

B: 1 micrometer

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16
Q

Electron microscopes, being far more expensive and using different technology, can observe as small as 1 ____________, 1000 times as powerful as a light microscope!
What letter finishes the sentence?

A: nanometer
B: picometer

A

A: Nanometer.

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17
Q

Nerve cells are specialised to send electrical _______ around the body. What word finishes the sentence?

A

Impulses.

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18
Q

Nerve cells have many adaptations which allow them to communicate messages around the body. They have lots of _________ to connect to other cells. What word finishes the sentence?

A

Dendrites.

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19
Q

Nerve cells have axons, what purpose do they serve?

A

Axons carry nerve impulses from one place to another.

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20
Q

How are synapses adapted to transmit signals from one cell to another?

A

The synapses use transmitter chemicals to transfer electrical signals and have many mitochondria to provide energy needed to make these chemicals.

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21
Q

What is the main purpose of sperm cells?

A

To fertilise and egg cell to make a foetus.

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22
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to fulfil their purpose? Name 4 ways.

A

1) They have tails which allow them to be aerodynamic and move towards the egg.
2) Their middle section is full of mitochondria which provide energy needed for the tail to move.
3) The acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg to penetrate.
4) Sperm cells contain a large nucleus to contain the information to be passed on during fertilisation.

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23
Q

Muscle cells ______ and _____. What two words finish this sentence?

A

Contract, relax.

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24
Q

Striated muscle cells work together in ______. What word finishes this sentence?

A

Tissues.

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25
Q

Why do muscle cells form one of the layers of digestive tissue in the stomach?

A

So that they can push digested food out by contracting and relaxing.

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26
Q

Striated muscle cells contain glycogen, an important chemical in cellular respiration that can be broken down. This is one of their adaptations, name two other adaptations of striated muscle cells.

A

1) They contain special proteins that slide over each other, making fibres contract.
2) They contain many mitochondria which produce energy which reactions need to take place.

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27
Q

What do root hair cells do for plants?

A

They uptake water and mineral ions used for growth and functions in the plant via active transport.

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28
Q

Root hair cells have three main adaptations, which are these?

A

1) They have a large surface area, allowing them more area for water to enter passively.
2) They have a large permanent vacuole which speeds up the movement of water by osmosis by storing more of it,
3) They contain many mitochondria which are needed for active transport of mineral ions to the cell.

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29
Q

What function do chloroplasts carry out?

A

They allow light energy to be transferred into energy used by the cell by photosynthesis.

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30
Q

Where are photosynthetic cells placed?

A

Throughout the cell in many layers to allow maximum light absorption.

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31
Q

What organelle do photosynthetic cells have which keeps them rigid?

A

A permanent vacuole, via osmosis.

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32
Q

Xylem are a group of cells that transport which material?

A

Water and mineral ions.

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33
Q

From what area does the xylem travel materials to?

A

From the roots to the shoots and highest leaves.

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34
Q

What chemical is present in xylem cells, causing them to die and from rigid tubes of dead cells?

A

Lignin.

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35
Q

Phloem transport what materials throughout the cell?

A

Food made by photosynthesis in the leaves, which provides energy for all areas of the plant.

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36
Q

Phloem have tubes like xylem but there is one key difference between the tubes. What is this difference?

A

Phloem tubes cells are alive whereas xylem tube cells are dead cells.

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37
Q

Phloem have ______ _______ which move dissolved ions in water up and down the phloem tubes but blocking other materials.

A

Sieve plates.

38
Q

Diffusion is?

A

The net movement of particles evenly throughout an area.

39
Q

The higher the difference in concentration, the _______ that diffusion will take place. What word finishes this sentence?

A

Faster

40
Q

Dissolved substances move in and out of your cells by diffusion across the ____ _______. What words finish the sentence?

A

Cell membrane.

41
Q

Give an example of a simple sugar that passes through the cell membrane by diffusion.

A

Glucose.

42
Q

Membranes that only allow some things to pass through are called ____-_________ membranes. Which word finishes this sentence?

A

Semi-permeable

43
Q

A dilute solution contains a ____ concentration of water and a low concentration of the solute. What word finishes the sentence?

A

High.

44
Q

A __________ solution contains a low concentration of water and a high concentration of the solute. What word finishes the sentence?

A

Concentrated.

45
Q

________, a special type of diffusion, is where only ______ moves from a dilute to a concentrated solution across a semi-permeable membrane. What two words finish the sentence?

A

Osmosis, water.

46
Q

If the concentration of solutes in a solution is the same as outside the solution, the solution is _________ to the outside. What word finishes the sentence?

A

Isotonic.

47
Q

If the concentration of solutes in a solution outside the cell is higher than the concentration internally, the solution is ____________ to the cell. What word finished the sentence?

A

Hypertonic.

48
Q

If the concentration of solutes in a solution outside the cell is lower than the concentration internally, the solution is ____________ to the cell.

A

Hypotonic.

49
Q

Plants require osmosis to maintain structure in the plant, the pressure in the cell is called _______. What word finishes the sentence?

A

Turgor.

50
Q

If a lot of water is lost from the cell, the cytoplasm and vacuole shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall, this called _________ and occurs until an osmotic balance is restored. What word finishes the sentence?

A

Plasmolysis.

51
Q

Substances that transfer across a membrane by diffusion do so ____the concentration ________ as this is a passive process. What tow words finish the sentence?

A

Down, gradient

52
Q

Sometimes, cells need to uptake materials against the concentration gradient by _______ _________, this is an _____ process as it requires energy. Which words finish the sentence?

A

Active Transport, active process.

53
Q

When root hair cells uptake mineral ions, this is done by _______ _________ as they are dilute in the soil and this process goes against the __________ __________. Which words finish the sentence?

A

Active Transport, Concentration gradient.

54
Q

With a smaller surface area to volume ratio, _______ ________ is sufficient to exchange materials between surfaces. What two words finish the sentence?

A

Simple diffusion.

55
Q

As organisms become bigger their surface area to volume ratio gets smaller, and exchange of materials becomes more difficult. Give two ways this affects the organism.

A

1) Gas and food molecules can no longer reach every cell by simple diffusion, requiring more energy for active transport.
2) Metabolic waste cannot be removed fast enough from the cell to prevent poisoning.

56
Q

List and describe two adaptations animals have to help the diffusion rate by adjusting surface area to volume ratio.

A

1) Animals have an efficient blood supply moving substances away from the site of diffusion maintaining a high concentration gradient.
2) Animals are ventilated to ensure a high concentration gradient for gas exchange to be efficient.

57
Q

Give two places where these adaptations are found.

A

1) Alveoli in the lungs
2) Stoma in plant leaves.

58
Q

How do you make a slide for a microscope?

A

You add a thin specimen onto a slide, which is mounted in water or in a colouring. The specimen must be thin for light to pass through. The cover slip must be applied with a mounted needle to reduce air bubbles as they may be mistaken for cells. If a tissue is clear then a stain must be added to identify it. Onion have iodine solution applied to it since iodine element is a metal. Cheek cells use blue methylene.

59
Q

How do you focus a slide for a microscope?

A

Clip the slide onto the stage. Start with a low power as more cells can be seen and it has a wider field of view. It is also easier to focus. (X4) Firstly you use the course focusing wheel to increase the size of the stage until there is a sharp image. After, increase magnification with a fine focus to get a sharp image.

60
Q

How do you draw a diagram for a microscope experiment?

A

Firstly, write a title with the magnification (with a real microscope ) = eyepiece lens x objective lens. The diagram must be at least 1/2 of a page and the diagram must be proportionate, with parts labelled and to a suitable proportion to the image.

61
Q

How do you calculate the size of cells?

A

Image size = actual size x magnification. Actual size = Image size / magnification. E.g if the magnification = 100 and the image = 10 mm then the cell is 0.1mm.

62
Q

How many mm are in a cm?

A

10.

63
Q

How many micrometers are in one mm?

A

1000.

64
Q

How many nanometers are in a micrometer?

A

1000.

65
Q

What is an order of magnitude?

A

A multiplication of 10.

66
Q

If I go from 1 mm to 1nm, how many orders of magnitude am I going down by?

A

3.

67
Q

What is magnification?

A

How many times the image is by the real object.

68
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish 2 points that are very close together, separately.

69
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A sub-cellular structure with a specific function.

70
Q

If a scale bar tells you the actual size, how do you figure out the image size?

A

Measure the length of the scale bar.

71
Q

How do you measure the different levels of osmosis?

A

You measure the concentration in mol/dm3 in increments of 0.2 mol.

72
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable that you change.

73
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The variable that you measure (or the output of the independent variable).

74
Q

In plant cells there is a permanent vacuole, what is in this permanent vacuole?

A

Cell sap

75
Q

Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of what?

A

Cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall.

76
Q

What are some examples of specialised cells in animals?

A

Sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells.

77
Q

How do cells specialise in plants?

A

Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their life.

78
Q

What are some examples of specialised cells in plants?

A

Root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells.

79
Q

How do animal cells differentiate?

A

Animal cells differentiate at an early stage.

80
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = size of image / size of object

81
Q

What adaptations do nerve cells have?

A

They have many dendrites
They have axons
They have synapses

82
Q

What is the role of the dendrite in nerve cells?

A

They make connections to other nerve cells.

83
Q

What is the role of the axon in nerve cells?

A

Axons carry nerve impulses from one place to another, being very long.

84
Q

What is the role of the synapses in nerve cells?

A

They pass electrical impulses to another cell or betwee cells and a muscle using transmitter chemicals as they have many mitochondria.

85
Q

What adaptations do striated muscle cells have?

A

They have special proteins that slide over each other making fibres contract.
They contain many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for chemical reactions to take place.
They can store glycogen.

86
Q

Why is having glycogen stored in striated muscle cells useful?

A

It can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by mitochondria.

87
Q

What are the adaptations of sperm cells?

A

They have long tail and streamlined shape.
The middle section contains many mitochondria.
They have an acrosome.
They have a large nucleus containing genetic information.

88
Q

What is the advantage of sperm cells having a long tail?

A

It whips from side to side and increases manoeuverability as a result.

89
Q

What is the advantage of having many mitochondria in sperm cells?

A

Energy can be released for all of the reactions occuring.

90
Q

What is the advantage of having an acrosome in sperm cells?

A

Digestive enzymes are stored which help break down the outer layers of the egg.

91
Q
A

AQA Biology Triple Science - All Topics 🧫🔬🧬 (32 decks)

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