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AQA Biology Triple Science - All Topics 🧫🔬🧬 > Topic 4 - Organising Animals and Plants > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Organising Animals and Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 4 components of the blood.

A

Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets.

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2
Q

Name the three uses of blood plasma in the body.

A

1) Waste Carbon Dioxide produced by cells is taken to the lungs for gas exchange.
2) Urea formed in the liver due to excess breakdown of proteins is carried to the kidneys to be removed from the blood as urine.
3) Small, soluble products of digestion are transported to their individual cell by the plasma.

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3
Q

Red Blood Cells are _________ discs, giving them an increased surface area to volume ratio for diffusion of oxygen to occur faster. Finish the sentence with one word.

A

Biconcave.

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4
Q

Name the red pigment that red blood cells contain that binds to oxygen.

A

Haemoglobin.

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5
Q

Which major organelle do red blood cells not have to make way for more haemoglobin to be carried?

A

A nucleus.

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6
Q

Which white blood cells create antibodies and antitoxins to fight pathogens?

A

Lymphocytes.

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7
Q

Which white blood cells engulf and digest bacteria?

A

Phagocytes.

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8
Q

What is the function of platelets in the blood?

A

To clot the blood and prevent it from being lost when the skin is cut and block any potential pathogens from entering.

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9
Q

Where do arteries carry blood from and to?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and towards the organs of the body to supply them with energy.

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10
Q

Where do veins carry blood from and to?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood from organs to the heart to be oxygenated at the lungs again.

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11
Q

What do the webs of capillaries enable substances to do?

A

The webs of capillaries enables substances like oxygen to diffuse out of the blood stream and into the cells due to their being a small distance that they have to travel through.

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12
Q

In humans and other mammals the blood stream is arranged into a _______ _________ system. Complete the sentence with two words.

A

Double circulatory.

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13
Q

Explain how the double circulatory system works.

A

One system transports blood from your heart to your lungs and back again, allowing Carbon dioxide and oxygen to be exchanged and blood to be oxygenated to supply to other parts of the body. The other system carries blood from the heart to the other organs in your body and back again, supplying oxygen and therefore energy to these different parts of the body.

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14
Q

Which blood vessel has the thickest walls?

A: Arteries
B: Veins
C: Capillaries

A

A: Arteries, they have the thickest walls to protect blood from leaking by being cut and increasing the pressure in the arteries by having a smaller lumen than veins.

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15
Q

Which blood vessels contain the largest lumen?

A: Arteries
B: Veins
C: Capillaries

A

B: Veins, as they transport deoxygenated blood and are not being pumped at high speeds around the body and do not need higher pressure. They also do not require as much protection from bursting as they do not move blood at high speeds.

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16
Q

Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

A: Arteries
B: Veins
C: Capillaries

A

C: Capillaries, as they need a short distance to diffuse blood across to increase the rate of diffusion of materials into the cells.

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17
Q

What material is the heart made from?

A

Muscle.

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18
Q

What arteries supply the muscles of the heart with oxygen?

A

Coronary Arteries.

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19
Q

What is the name given to the top chambers of the heart where blood enters?

A

The atria.

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20
Q

The blood coming in from the right atrium is ______________ and is supplied by the ____ ____. This blood comes from the ____. Finish the sentences with appropriate terminology.

A

Deoxygenated, Vena Cava, body.

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21
Q

The blood coming in to the left atrium from the _________ ____ is _________ blood from your lungs. Finish the sentence with appropriate terminology.

A

Pulmonary vein, oxygenated.

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22
Q

The _________, the lower chambers of the heart, ________, using their large muscle mass and force blood out of the heart. ______ close to prevent back flow of blood. Finish the sentences with appropriate terminology.

A

Ventricles, contract, valves.

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23
Q

The _____ ________ forces __________ blood to the lungs through the _________ _______. Finish the sentence with appropriate terminology.

A

Right ventricle, deoxygenated, pulmonary artery.

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24
Q

The ____ ________ pumps ____________ blood around the body in a large artery called the ______. Finish the sentence with appropriate terminology.

A

Left ventricle, oxygenated, aorta.

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25
Q

The muscle around the ___ ________ is thicker than the muscle around the _____ _______ to build the pressure needed to pump __________ blood all around the body whereas the other ventricle only pumps to the _____. Finish the sentence with appropriate terminology.

A

Left Ventricle, right ventricle, oxygenated, lungs.

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26
Q

In coronary heart disease, coronary arteries that supply the ______ with blood are blocked, often due to a build up of ______ _________. Finish the sentence with appropriate terminology.

A

Heart, fatty deposits.

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27
Q

If the coronary _______ are blocked, ________ will not reach the heart as fast. Finish the sentence with correct terms.

A

Arteries, oxygen.

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28
Q

Give an example of a treatment doctors use to open the arteries to treat coronary heart disease.

A

A stent.

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29
Q

What does a stent do?

A

The stent inflates a tiny balloon in the artery, opening up the blood vessel. The stent is held in place and continues blood flow to prevent a heart attack.

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30
Q

Name another use of stents to help open the artery.

A

The stent often releases drugs to prevent blood clots in the arteries, which could be fatal if left unchecked.

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31
Q

Why are statins being increasingly prescribed by doctors?

A

They reduce cholesterol levels and slow down the movement of fatty deposits to the arteries, this prevents blockage of the arteries.

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32
Q

Name and describe an advantage of a mechanical valve.

A

Mechanical valves can last a lifetime and will not have to be repaired or replaced for a long time.

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33
Q

Name and describe a disadvantage of mechanical valves.

A

When a person receives a mechanical valve, they have to take medicine for the rest of their lives to prevent blood clotting, which isn’t necessary with a biological valve.

34
Q

Name a disadvantage of biological valves.

A

Biological valves can only last for 12-15 years when mechanical valves last a lifetime.

35
Q

The resting beat of a healthy heart is around __ beats per minute, controlled by a group of cells in the _____ ______ which acts as a natural ___________. Finish the sentence with correct terms.

A

70, right atrium, pacemaker.

36
Q

What problems do an artificial pacemaker solve?

A

They fix irregular heart rhythm, slow heart beat and fast heart beat. They regulate the rhythm of the heart.

37
Q

Give one disadvantage of artificial pacemakers.

A

Artificial pacemakers require the patients to have regular check-ups to ensure it is working properly.

38
Q

________ _____ can be used whilst a patient needing a heart _________ waits for a donor which can take months. Finish the sentence with appropriate terminology.

A

Artificial hearts, transplant.

39
Q

Artificial hearts are only a __________ solution to heart problems and require lots of ________ to keep working. Artificial hearts can allow _________ hearts to ____. Finish the sentence with appropriate terminology.

A

Temporary, machinery, damaged, heal.

40
Q

Gas exchange surfaces require a steep _________ _______ to exchange gases efficiently. Finish the sentence.

A

Concentration Gradient.

41
Q

Finish the sentence with the correct words. Your lungs are protected by the ___________, this is a strong sheet of muscle that _________ and ______ to allow air to move in and out.

A

Diaphragm, contract, relax.

42
Q

Ventilating the lungs is brought about by the ________ and ________ of the __________ muscles between the ______ and the __________. Complete the sentence with the correct words.

A

Contracting, Relaxing, Intercostal, Ribs, Diaphragm.

43
Q

What does the contraction and relaxation of the intercostal muscles do?

A

Changes the pressure in the chest cavity, forcing air in or out.

44
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A

Oxygen rich blood enters the lungs and maintains a steep concentration gradient. This allows oxygen to constantly enter the blood through the alveoli.

45
Q

The lungs are made up of clusters of _________ that provide a very large _______ ______ for maximised __________. Finish the sentence with correct terminology.

A

Alveoli, surface area, diffusion.

46
Q

Alveoli have a large concentration of blood ______________ which maintain a steep _____________ gradient as lots of oxygen enters the lungs _______. Finish the sentence with correct wording.

A

Capillaries, concentration, rapidly.

47
Q

Due to the many adaptations of the alveoli, what happens to the concentration gradient of oxygen in the lungs? What effect does this have?

A

It remains very high and makes gas exchange rapid and effective.

48
Q

Which tissue generally acts as a cover or protection for plants?

A

Epidermal tissue.

49
Q

Which layer of leaf contains many chloroplasts, vital in diffusion?

A

Palisade Mesophyll.

50
Q

What is the name given to the region of the leaf where air gaps are present?

A

Spongy mesophyll.

51
Q

What is the name of cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata for transpiration?

A

Guard cells.

52
Q

What do stoma do?

A

Control the movement of gases like water vapour in and out of the cell.

53
Q

What organ system do roots, stems and leaves form in the plant?

A

The transport system.

54
Q

What do plants make from photosynthesis and why is this important for the plant?

A

Glucose, it is important as it is a source of energy for the plant to use.

55
Q

What is the name given to the movement of sugars like glucose up and down the plant, through the phloem?

A

Translocation.

56
Q

What is the name given to the movement of water and mineral ions up the plants, through the xylem?

A

Transpiration.

57
Q

Why is transport of material important?

A

It gives glucose and water needed for respiration, giving the cell energy, as well as providing materials for cell growth.

58
Q

________ _________ from the atmosphere diffuses through through the air gaps in the ________ and into the cells to be used in photosynthesis. At the same time, _______, produced in photosynthesis, diffuses out of the stoma, going down the __________ ________ as there is a high concentration of it due to photosynthesis. Finish the sentences with appropriate words.

A

Carbon Dioxide, stoma, oxygen, concentration gradient.

59
Q

What is another name for the loss of water vapour from the stoma?

A

Transpiration.

60
Q

What happens as water vapour exits from the stoma to maintain a constant flow of water from the bottom to the top of the plant?

A

Water is taken in by the root hair cells and travels up the xylem constantly, keeping a constant amount of water in the plant.

61
Q

As the rate of photosynthesis increases, does the rate of transpiration decrease or increase?

A

Increase.

62
Q

As the rate of photosynthesis increases, does the rate of transpiration decrease or increase?

A

Increase.

63
Q

Conditions that affect the rate of ___________ will affect the rate of transpiration in the ____ way. Finish the sentence with correct wording.

A

Evaporation, same.

64
Q

Give three conditions that increase the rate of transpiration and explain why they have this effect.

A

Hot, dry and windy conditions increase the rate of transpiration as more water is evaporated and there is a higher concentration gradient with the outside as there are less water vapour particles around.

65
Q

Name two ways increased temperature increases the rate of transpiration.

A

Water vapour molecules move faster and increase the rate of diffusion. The rate of photosynthesis increases, meaning the stoma will be open for longer and meaning that water vapour will have more opportunity to escape out of the stomata.

66
Q

Name and describe two ways that a plant might react to a drastic loss of water.

A

1) The plant wilts, reducing the surface area upon which water can escape from.
2) Stomata close to prevent water from escaping, this can however increasing the likelihood of overheating and lower the rate of photosynthesis.

67
Q

What device can we use to measure the rate of transpiration in a plant?

A

A potometer.

68
Q

What other things do plants use water for? Name two things.

A

Maintaining the metabolism of the plant, keeping cells turgid and the plant structurally rigid.

69
Q

In what conditions do plants lose the least amount of water?

A

Warm, humid climates, like rainforests.

70
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium to be then transported to the lungs to be oxygenated again.

71
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

72
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

73
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

74
Q

What is the general rule for movement of blood in veins?

A

Veins carry blood from the rest of the body to the heart.

75
Q

What is the general rule for the direction of blood flow in arteries?

A

They carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

76
Q

How is resting heart rate controlled?

A

By specialised cells in the right atrium of the heart.

77
Q

How are lymphocytes adapted to their function?

A

They can differentiate into memory cells to release antibodies quickly when a pathogen re-enters the body.

78
Q
A
79
Q

What happens to the coronary arteries during CHD and why does this damage the body?

A

Coronary arteries have fatty deposits build up, reducing blood flow.

As a result, less oxygen is able to reach the heart muscle and pump blood around the body and less oxygenated blood can supply the rest of the body, leading to a heart attack.

80
Q

How are stents used to treat CHD?

A

They hold the artery open to increase blood flow.

81
Q

How do statins treat CHD?

A

These drugs reduce blood cholesterol.

82
Q
A

AQA Biology Triple Science - All Topics 🧫🔬🧬 (32 decks)

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