URTI / LRTI - Adults and Kids

Question 1

what ate the 3 general types of microorganism pathogenicity

Answer 1

primary
facultative
opportunistic

Question 2

what are examples of URTIs

Answer 2

coryza - common cold
croup
sinusitis
acute epiglottis

Question 3

what are some examples of lower respiratory tract infections

Answer 3

bronchitis

bronchiolitis

pneumonia

Question 4

what are the 3 parts of the Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system

Answer 4

alveolar macrophages
mucocilary escalator
cough reflex

Question 5

what does influenzas do

Answer 5

causes bronchial epithelium loss

Question 6

what is chronic (hypoxic) cor Pulmonale

Answer 6

hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function/ structure of the lungs

Question 7

what are the aetiological classifications of pneumonia

Answer 7

community acquired pneumonia

hospital acquired pneumonia

pneumonia In the immunocompromised

atypical pneumonia

recurrent pneumonia

Question 8

what are the 3 main types of pneumonia

Answer 8

bronchopneumonia
segmental
lobar

Question 9

what is pneumonia

Answer 9

lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid.

Question 10

what is bronchiectasis

Answer 10

dilation of the bronchi

Question 11

what might cause dilation of the bronchi

Answer 11

sever infection
recurrent infections
proximal bronchial obstruction

Question 12

when does 75% of bronchiectasis start

Answer 12

in child hood

Question 13

what are the sings/symptoms of bronchiectasis

Answer 13

cough, lots of nasty smelling sputum, haemoptysis

coarse crackles, clubbing

Question 14

what imaging techniques might you used for bronchiectasis

Answer 14

thin section CT

Question 15

what is the treatment of bronchiectasis

Answer 15

postural drainage, antibiotics, surgery

Question 16

how could aspiration pneumonia occur

Answer 16

vomiting

oesophageal lesion

obstetric anaesthesia

Question 17

what are opportunistic infections

Answer 17

Infection by organisms not normally capable of producing disease in patients with intact lung defences

opportunistic pathogens

Question 18

where does the upper respiratory system end

Answer 18

the epiglottis

Question 19

what are some disease that lead to URTO

Answer 19

rhinitis
tonsillitis
epiglottitis

Question 20

how common is rhinitis

Answer 20

very common

winter months

Question 21

what is the treatment for rhinitis

Answer 21

nothing really

the conditions is self limiting - review if not sure

Question 22

what can rhinitis be

Answer 22

a early indication of

meningitis
pneumonia
septicaemia

Question 23

what is otitis media

Answer 23

self limiting, mostly viral ear infection

Question 24

what is the treatment of otitis media

Answer 24

anaesthesia with/without antibiotics

Question 25

what is the treatment of tonsillitis

Answer 25

viral or bacterial throat swab do nothing or penicillin

Question 26

what are more than 99% of URTI - what should you do

Answer 26

self limiting, if in doubt review

Question 27

why can croup and epiglottitis often be miss diagnosed

Answer 27

both in the same area

Question 28

how common is croup

Answer 28

common

Question 29

what is the treatment of croup

Answer 29

oral dexamethasone

Question 30

what is the treatment for epiglottitis

Answer 30

intubation and antibiotics peads emergency

Question 31

how commo is epiglottitis

Answer 31

rare - H.influanze

Question 32

how can you tell if someone has coup

Answer 32

they have a seal cough

Question 33

what is importing about deciding to monitor a child with a LRTI infection

Answer 33

don't treat and reassure

Question 34

what are you monitoring in a child with a LRTI

Answer 34

their O2 H2O nutrition

Question 35

if a LRTI needs antibiotic what should be given

Answer 35

amoxicillin

Question 36

what is the prognosis for kids with empyema

Answer 36

its good for kids just give IV antibiotics

Question 37

what is empyema

Answer 37

a collection of puss in the pleural cavity

Question 38

what comes under the categories of LRTIs

Answer 38

acute bronchitis COPD exacerbation pneumonia empyema lung abscess bronchiectasis

Question 39

what is the incidence of pneumonia

Answer 39

up to 11 per 1000

Question 40

what are the symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 40

mailaise - (general discomfort) myalgia - muscle pain fever pleuritic chest pain cough rsut speutum

Question 41

what is rusty soutum a sing of

Answer 41

pneumonia

Question 42

what are the sings of pneumonia

Answer 42

pyrecia tachpnoea central cyanosis bronchjial beathing sounds increase vocal resonans dullness on percussion

Question 43

what would you find on examination of a patient with pneumona

Answer 43

bronchial brathung vocal esonance dullness on percussion

Question 44

what are the investigations of pneumonia

Answer 44

serum biocehm - full blood count chest X-ray blood culture throat swab

Question 45

what are the most common pnemonical disease

Answer 45

strep.pneumonia h.influenza c.onuemonua viruses pneumonococus

Question 46

what is the pneumonia scoring system

Answer 46

CURB 65 ``` confusion urea (in blood) rep rate blood pressure (diuastolic LOW) age - over 65 ```

Question 47

what is the treatment for pneumonia

Answer 47

amoxycillin clarithromycin O2 iv fluid CPAP intubation/ventilation

Question 48

what are some complications with pneumonia

Answer 48

septicaemia acute kidney injury empyema lung abscess

Question 49

what diseases can lead to empyema

Answer 49

streptococcus , staph aureus pneumonia

Question 50

what are the sings and symptoms of empyema

Answer 50

chest pain with out a cough high swinging fever

Question 51

what are the investigations for empyema

Answer 51

CT thorax pleural ultrasound

Question 52

how is the diagnosis made for empyema

Answer 52

pleural aspiration (pH<7.2)

Question 53

what is the treatment for empyema

Answer 53

chest drain and IV antibiotics surgery if not improving

Question 54

what is empyema

Answer 54

collection of puss in the pleura

Question 55

what might a lung abscess follow

Answer 55

pneumonia

Question 56

what causes lung abscesses

Answer 56

staph areuas - cavitating pneumonia

Question 57

what are some symptoms of a lung abscess

Answer 57

lethargy weight loss high swinging fever

Question 58

what are the investigations for a lung abscess

Answer 58

CT thorax sputum culture

Question 59

what is the treatment for a lung abscess

Answer 59

prolonged antibiotics drainage through the bronchial tree

Question 60

what is bronchiectasis

Answer 60

the chronic widening of the airways leading to mucus build up leading to higher infection risk

Question 61

what are the causes of bronchiectasis

Answer 61

idiopathic immotile cilia syndrome cystic fibrosis child hood measles

Question 62

what child hood infection can cause bronchiectasis

Answer 62

measles

Question 63

what are the symptoms of bronchiectasis

Answer 63

chronic cough daily (often a lot) sputum production sometime wheeze SOB

Question 64

what are the sings of bronchiectasis

Answer 64

finger clubbing course inspiratory crepitations

Question 65

what are the investigations for bronchiectasis

Answer 65

HRCT (high resolution CT) sputum culture cystic fibrosis genotyping

Question 66

what are the therapy's for CF

Answer 66

chest physiotherapy prompt antibiotics for infection possible inhaler therapy (ICS and beta2 agonist)