anatomy

Question 1

what is the 3 names for the space between the two 1st ribs

Answer 1

the superior thoracic aperture

clinically = the thoracic outlet

(OUT-patient CLINIC)

anatomically = the thoracic inlet

Question 2

what is the general shape of the 1st rib

Answer 2

broad and flat (like the roof of the thoracic cavity)

Question 3

what divides the two shallow groves on the 1st rib

Answer 3

the scalene tubercle

Question 4

what blood vessel lies in the 1st ribs anterior groove

Answer 4

the subclavian vein

further away from the head of the rib

Question 5

what blood vessel lies in the posterior groove - what else

Answer 5

the subclavian artery

and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

Question 6

where dose the right crura arise from - what does it do

Answer 6

L1 - L3

some fibres surround the oesophageal opening = prevent reflux

Question 7

where dose the left crura arise from

Answer 7

L1- L2

Question 8

what is the structure of the crura described as

Answer 8

tendinous

Question 9

what is the central attachment of the diaphragm

Answer 9

the central tendon

Question 10

what are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

Answer 10

• lumbar vertebrae
• costal cartilages of ribs 7 - 12
• xiphoid processes of the sternum

Question 11

what are the 3 hiatuses in the diaphragm (from ventral to distal)

Answer 11

the caval opening

the oesophageal hiatus

the aortic hiatus

Question 12

what is in the caval opening, where is it located

Answer 12

T8 in the central tendon

inferior VENA CAVA (count the letters)

the right phrenic nerve

Question 13

where is the oesophageal hiatus located - what passes though it

Answer 13

T10 (count letter)
the muscular sling of the right crus

the oesophagus and vagus nerve

Question 14

what passes through the aortic hiatus

where is it located

Answer 14

the aorta, the azygos, the hemiazygos and the thoracic duct

aortic hiatus (count letters) = T12 is between the left and right crura

Question 15

is the phrenic nerve motor or sensory

Answer 15

its BOTH motor AND sensory

Question 16

what is the phrenic nerves motor function

Answer 16

to innervate the diaphragm from its inferior surface

Question 17

what is phrenic nerves sensory function

where else is the diaphragm innervated by

Answer 17

supplies the central part of the diaphragm

the edges are innervated by the intercostal nerves (T7 - T12)

Question 18

where is the border of the URT

Answer 18

the sternal angle

or above the cricoid cartilage

Question 19

at what vertebral level is the larynx and how is it innervated

Answer 19

at C3 - C6

by branches of the vagus nerve

Question 20

what vertebral is the hyoid cartilage at

Answer 20

C2/3

Question 21

what vertebral is the thyrohyoid membrane at

Answer 21

C4

Question 22

what vertebral is the laryngeal prominence at

Answer 22

C5

Question 23

what vertebral is the cricoid cartilage/start of trachea

Answer 23

C6

Question 24

what is the lung hilum

Answer 24

the area on the mediastinal surface of the lung where the lung root passes through

Question 25

what is the lung root

Answer 25

the group of structures that passes through the hilum into/out of the lung

Question 26

what structures make up the lung root/are located at the hilum (5)

Answer 26

bronchi pulmonary artery superior pulmonary vein inferior pulmonary vein `lymph nodes

Question 27

what extra structure occurs in the right hilum (2)

Answer 27

the eparterial bronchus and the right bronchus is referred to as the hyparterial

Question 28

where is the cupular part of the parietal pleura

Answer 28

think of cupola it is the most superior part of the parietal pleura - APEX

Question 29

what is the nerve supply of the partial pleura

Answer 29

pain sensitive - somatic nerves (peripheral, voluntary nervous system) intercostal nerves and phrenic nerve

Question 30

what is the nerve supply of the pleura

Answer 30

INSENSITIVE to pain | autonomic nerves T2 to T5

Question 31

what two features does the left lung have over the right

Answer 31

a cardiac notch and a lingual

Question 32

what features does the right lung have over the left

Answer 32

a middle lobe a horizontal fissure

Question 33

what is a pleural reflection

Answer 33

a place where the parietal pleura changes direction think light hitting a mirror

Question 34

what is a pleural recess

Answer 34

the increased space caused by pleural reflections

Question 35

what is the most inferior reflection and recess - clinically know as

Answer 35

Costophrenic Reflection + recess the costophrenic angle

Question 36

where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midclavicular line

Answer 36

Rib 6

Question 37

where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midaxillary line

Answer 37

Rib 8

Question 38

where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midscapular line

Answer 38

Rib 10

Question 39

where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midclavicular line

Answer 39

Rib 8 (2 more than lung)

Question 40

where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midaxillary line

Answer 40

Rib 10 (2 more than lung)

Question 41

where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midscapular line

Answer 41

Rib 12 (2 more than lung)

Question 42

what landmarks does the oblique fissure of both lungs follow

Answer 42

beings at T3 and follows the 6th rib around

Question 43

what landmarks does the horizontal follow

Answer 43

follow the line of the 4th rib (on the right obviously)

Question 44

what happens to the epithelium of the airways as they get smaller and smaller

Answer 44

they become flatter trachea to alveoli columnar to cuboidal to squamous

Question 45

what happens to the cartilage of airways as they get smaller and smaller

Answer 45

the cartilage rigs reduce in size then are GONE on the BRONCHILOES

Question 46

what is the name of the mucus secreting glans that line certain airways

Answer 46

goblet cells line the airways from the larynx - trachea, bronchus, bronchi NOT BRONCHIOLES

Question 47

what happens to mucus secreting glans as the airways get smaller

Answer 47

Mucous-secreting glands and goblet cells decrease until there is no goblet cells in the bronchioles

Question 48

what two histological layers make up the mucosa

Answer 48

respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

Question 49

what is the structure of the tracheas respiratory epithelium

Answer 49

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium | break down of words = fake, more than one layer thick, column, lining

Question 50

what is are the histological layers of the trachea from conducting outwards

Answer 50

PROBABLY NEEDS UPDATED respiratory epithelium & laminar propria (makes up mucosa) submucosa tracheal cartilage

Question 51

what is half the diaphragm called

Answer 51

the hemi-diaphragm

Question 52

what bone articulates with the manubrium at its superolateral angle

Answer 52

the clavicle

Question 53

what is the name of the joint between the manubrium and the clavicle

Answer 53

the sternoclavicular articulation

Question 54

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular articulation

Answer 54

synovial saddle

Question 55

what is the name of the notch formed at the top of the manubrium

Answer 55

jugular notch

Question 56

at what vertebral level is the sternomanubrium joint

Answer 56

T5

Question 57

at what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located - what about the joint

Answer 57

joint to sternum is at T9 xiphoid process is at T9-T10

Question 58

where is the clavicular notch

Answer 58

on both lateral sides of the manubrium

Question 59

which ribs form the costal margin

Answer 59

ribs 7-10

Question 60

which ribs attach directly to the sternum

Answer 60

ribs 2-6

Question 61

how are the intercostal spaces numbered

Answer 61

by the rib lying superiorly (above to it)

Question 62

what are the 3 layers of the intercostal muscle

Answer 62

external, internal and innermost

Question 63

what direction does the external intercostal muscle run

Answer 63

inferio-anterior

Question 64

what direct dose the internal intercostal muscles run

Answer 64

inferio-posteriro

Question 65

what direction dose the innermost intercostal muscle run

Answer 65

superior - inferior

Question 66

between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located

Answer 66

between the internal and innermost

Question 67

from superior to inferior what are the structures within the neurovascular bundle

Answer 67

VAN on the costal road vein artery nerve

Question 68

what area of the ribs houses the neurovascular bundle - where is this

Answer 68

the costal grove - on the lower side of the ribs

Question 69

what type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract

Answer 69

hyaline

Question 70

what two cell types of cell are found in the epithelial layer

Answer 70

epithelia layer = Mucosa pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium goblet cells

Question 71

what is the name of the smooth muscle that is found in the posterior wall of the trachea

Answer 71

trachealis major

Question 72

what is the name of the Adams apple

Answer 72

laryngeal prominence

Question 73

what cartilage is the laryngeal prominence made from

Answer 73

thyroid cartilage

Question 74

what is the only bone not connected to another

Answer 74

hyoid bone

Question 75

what cartilage is attached to the vocal cords

Answer 75

cricoid cartilage

Question 76

how many hyaline cartilage rings roughly make up the trachea

Answer 76

15-20 ish

Question 77

what is the final ''ring'' of the cartilage at the bifurcation

Answer 77

the carnia

Question 78

what is unique about the right bronchi

Answer 78

its shorter its wider its more vertical

Question 79

where is the most superior part of the apex

Answer 79

it extends above the first rib

Question 80

which lung is shorter and broader - why

Answer 80

the right lung shorter and broader and larger because the position of the heart

Question 81

where do the lymphatics of the lungs and visceral pleura drain to

Answer 81

the bronchopulmonary nodes

Question 82

what costal cartilages do the diaphragm attached to

Answer 82

ribs 7 - 10

Question 83

what is the purpose of the central tendon in the diaphragm

Answer 83

to stop compression of the vena cava

Question 84

what ribs are seen as true ribs

Answer 84

1 - 7

Question 85

when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

Answer 85

At the outer border of the first rib