anatomy Flashcards
what is the 3 names for the space between the two 1st ribs
the superior thoracic aperture
clinically = the thoracic outlet
(OUT-patient CLINIC)
anatomically = the thoracic inlet
what is the general shape of the 1st rib
broad and flat (like the roof of the thoracic cavity)
what divides the two shallow groves on the 1st rib
the scalene tubercle
what blood vessel lies in the 1st ribs anterior groove
the subclavian vein
further away from the head of the rib
what blood vessel lies in the posterior groove - what else
the subclavian artery
and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus
where dose the right crura arise from - what does it do
L1 - L3
some fibres surround the oesophageal opening = prevent reflux
where dose the left crura arise from
L1- L2
what is the structure of the crura described as
tendinous
what is the central attachment of the diaphragm
the central tendon
what are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
- lumbar vertebrae
- costal cartilages of ribs 7 - 12
- xiphoid processes of the sternum
what are the 3 hiatuses in the diaphragm (from ventral to distal)
the caval opening
the oesophageal hiatus
the aortic hiatus
what is in the caval opening, where is it located
T8 in the central tendon
inferior VENA CAVA (count the letters)
the right phrenic nerve
where is the oesophageal hiatus located - what passes though it
T10 (count letter)
the muscular sling of the right crus
the oesophagus and vagus nerve
what passes through the aortic hiatus
where is it located
the aorta, the azygos, the hemiazygos and the thoracic duct
aortic hiatus (count letters) = T12 is between the left and right crura
is the phrenic nerve motor or sensory
its BOTH motor AND sensory
what is the phrenic nerves motor function
to innervate the diaphragm from its inferior surface
what is phrenic nerves sensory function
where else is the diaphragm innervated by
supplies the central part of the diaphragm
the edges are innervated by the intercostal nerves (T7 - T12)
where is the border of the URT
the sternal angle
or above the cricoid cartilage
at what vertebral level is the larynx and how is it innervated
at C3 - C6
by branches of the vagus nerve
what vertebral is the hyoid cartilage at
C2/3
what vertebral is the thyrohyoid membrane at
C4
what vertebral is the laryngeal prominence at
C5
what vertebral is the cricoid cartilage/start of trachea
C6
what is the lung hilum
the area on the mediastinal surface of the lung where the lung root passes through
what is the lung root
the group of structures that passes through the hilum into/out of the lung
what structures make up the lung root/are located at the hilum (5)
bronchi
pulmonary artery
superior pulmonary vein
inferior pulmonary vein
`lymph nodes
what extra structure occurs in the right hilum (2)
the eparterial bronchus
and the right bronchus is referred to as the hyparterial
where is the cupular part of the parietal pleura
think of cupola
it is the most superior part of the parietal pleura - APEX
what is the nerve supply of the partial pleura
pain sensitive - somatic nerves (peripheral, voluntary nervous system)
intercostal nerves and phrenic nerve
what is the nerve supply of the pleura
INSENSITIVE to pain
autonomic nerves T2 to T5
what two features does the left lung have over the right
a cardiac notch and a lingual
what features does the right lung have over the left
a middle lobe
a horizontal fissure
what is a pleural reflection
a place where the parietal pleura changes direction
think light hitting a mirror
what is a pleural recess
the increased space caused by pleural reflections
what is the most inferior reflection and recess - clinically know as
Costophrenic
Reflection + recess
the costophrenic angle
where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midclavicular line
Rib 6
where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midaxillary line
Rib 8
where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midscapular line
Rib 10
where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midclavicular line
Rib 8 (2 more than lung)
where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midaxillary line
Rib 10 (2 more than lung)
where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midscapular line
Rib 12 (2 more than lung)
what landmarks does the oblique fissure of both lungs follow
beings at T3 and follows the 6th rib around
what landmarks does the horizontal follow
follow the line of the 4th rib (on the right obviously)
what happens to the epithelium of the airways as they get smaller and smaller
they become flatter trachea to alveoli
columnar to cuboidal to squamous
what happens to the cartilage of airways as they get smaller and smaller
the cartilage rigs reduce in size then are GONE on the BRONCHILOES
what is the name of the mucus secreting glans that line certain airways
goblet cells
line the airways from the larynx - trachea, bronchus, bronchi
NOT BRONCHIOLES
what happens to mucus secreting glans as the airways get smaller
Mucous-secreting glands and goblet cells decrease
until there is no goblet cells in the bronchioles
what two histological layers make up the mucosa
respiratory epithelium and lamina propria
what is the structure of the tracheas respiratory epithelium
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
break down of words = fake, more than one layer thick, column, lining
what is are the histological layers of the trachea from conducting outwards
PROBABLY NEEDS UPDATED
respiratory epithelium & laminar propria (makes up mucosa)
submucosa
tracheal cartilage
what is half the diaphragm called
the hemi-diaphragm
what bone articulates with the manubrium at its superolateral angle
the clavicle
what is the name of the joint between the manubrium and the clavicle
the sternoclavicular articulation
what type of joint is the sternoclavicular articulation
synovial saddle
what is the name of the notch formed at the top of the manubrium
jugular notch
at what vertebral level is the sternomanubrium joint
T5
at what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located - what about the joint
joint to sternum is at T9
xiphoid process is at T9-T10
where is the clavicular notch
on both lateral sides of the manubrium
which ribs form the costal margin
ribs 7-10
which ribs attach directly to the sternum
ribs 2-6
how are the intercostal spaces numbered
by the rib lying superiorly (above to it)
what are the 3 layers of the intercostal muscle
external, internal and innermost
what direction does the external intercostal muscle run
inferio-anterior
what direct dose the internal intercostal muscles run
inferio-posteriro
what direction dose the innermost intercostal muscle run
superior - inferior
between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located
between the internal and innermost
from superior to inferior what are the structures within the neurovascular bundle
VAN on the costal road
vein
artery
nerve
what area of the ribs houses the neurovascular bundle - where is this
the costal grove - on the lower side of the ribs
what type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract
hyaline
what two cell types of cell are found in the epithelial layer
epithelia layer = Mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
goblet cells
what is the name of the smooth muscle that is found in the posterior wall of the trachea
trachealis major
what is the name of the Adams apple
laryngeal prominence
what cartilage is the laryngeal prominence made from
thyroid cartilage
what is the only bone not connected to another
hyoid bone
what cartilage is attached to the vocal cords
cricoid cartilage
how many hyaline cartilage rings roughly make up the trachea
15-20 ish
what is the final ‘‘ring’’ of the cartilage at the bifurcation
the carnia
what is unique about the right bronchi
its shorter
its wider
its more vertical
where is the most superior part of the apex
it extends above the first rib
which lung is shorter and broader - why
the right lung shorter and broader and larger because the position of the heart
where do the lymphatics of the lungs and visceral pleura drain to
the bronchopulmonary nodes
what costal cartilages do the diaphragm attached to
ribs 7 - 10
what is the purpose of the central tendon in the diaphragm
to stop compression of the vena cava
what ribs are seen as true ribs
1 - 7
when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery
At the outer border of the first rib
