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respiration > Embryology - lung development diseases > Flashcards

Embryology - lung development diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 phases of antenatal human development

- how long dose these roughly last

A

pre-embryonic (0-3 weeks)

embryonic phase (4-8 weeks)

foetal phase (9-40 weeks)

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2
Q

what is the production of sperm

A

spermatogenesis

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3
Q

4 sperm are made per what

A

spermatogonium

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4
Q

what is the production of ovum called

A

oogenesis

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5
Q

what is made per oogonium

A

3 polar bodies and 1 ovum (viable for life)

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6
Q

what is the name of the diploid cell made by the sperm and ovum pro nucleus combining

A

Zygote

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7
Q

what happens in week 1 of fertilisation

A

a zygote is formed in the fallopian tube beside the ovary, as it moves along the fallopian tube and implants in the womb it forms a morula then blastocyst.

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8
Q

what is a morula

A

it is the first solid ball of cells formed after the single celled zygote

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9
Q

which parent is mitochondrial disease inherited from - why

A

the mother the mitochondrial DNA only comes form the ovum

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10
Q

what is a blastocyst

A

the next thing formed after a morula

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11
Q

what happens inside the blastocycst

A

a trophoblast is formed

a inner cell mass is formed

a blastocycst cavity is formed

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12
Q

what is the trophoblast

A

the other lining of cells made during the formation of a blastocycst

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13
Q

how dose the fertilised egg move through the fallopian tube

A

ciliate epithelium cells

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14
Q

what acute situation can occur because of abnormal ciliated epithelium

A

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

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15
Q

what happens in week 2 of pregnancy

A

implantation in the endometrium

cells form bilaminar disc

placenta starts to form (last thing in the week)

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16
Q

in week 2 what dose trophoblast become

A

the CHIRON

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17
Q

what is the Chiron

A

a hand looking thing that implants in the endometrium

forms part of the placenta

secrets unman chorionic gonadotropin (HCG - pregnancy test)

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18
Q

what happens to the inner cell mass of the blastocyst in week 2

A

I flattens out and moves into the blastocyst cavity to make two cavities and the BILAMINAR DISC

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19
Q

what are the 2 layers of the bilaminar disc - position?

A

epiblast - closet to Chiron

hypoblast - below epiblast

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20
Q

what is the cavity above the epiblast called

A

Amniotic cavity

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21
Q

what is the cavity below the hypoblast called

A

the yolk sack

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22
Q

how does the embryo being to form

A

the layers and sacks being to fold inwards with the amniotic cavity being on the outside

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23
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the placenta

A

Foetal nutrition

transport of waste and gases

beginning of immunity

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24
Q

how do you distinguish between the two sides of the placenta

A

foetal = smooth surface, foetal blood vessels, umbilical cord

maternal = rough because of finger like processed

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25
Q

what are the 4 things that occur in week 3 of gestation

A

neurulation - neural tube formed

gastrulation - germ layers made

somite’s start to develop

early cardiovascular development

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26
Q

what happens at the stat of week 3

A

the primitive streak (spine like indent) is formed as epiblast cells fold in the centre and flood the lower space to make the ECTOderm (outside), MESOderm and ENDOderm (inside)

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27
Q

what is important about the formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm (2)

A

the trilaminar disc is formed

cells have specialised

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28
Q

what is the notochord

what dose it do

A

a solid tube of cells that comes from the ectoderm down to between the mesoderm and endoderm

ENDUCES neural tube formation

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29
Q

what does the notochord become

A

the nucleus pulposus

the fluid within the annulus fibrosa that makes up the intravertebral disc

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30
Q

how dose the Neural tube form

A

cells induced in the ectoderm multiply on the midline - form the ectoderm plate that sinks down - forms neural tube between Ectoderm and Mesoderm

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31
Q

what happens as the neural tube thickens

A

it induces the thickening and splitting of the mesoderm

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32
Q

what 3 things form the the mesoderm - (inside to out)

A

paraxial mesoderm

intermediate plate mesoderm

lateral plate mesoderm

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33
Q

what does the lateral plate mesoderm split to form anterior first

A

it splits to form the somatic (anterior) and splenic (posterior) mesoderm’s

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34
Q

what forms between the two mesoderms derived from the lateral mesoderm

what does this become

A

the intraembryonic coelom

the peritoneum, pleura and body cavities

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35
Q

what happens in the embryonic period (4th-8th week)

A

folding into a tube

ORGANOGENESIS = development of organs

neural tube = fore, mid and hind brain

gut, hear and limb buds form

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36
Q

what happens as the embryo begin to fold (innermost first)

A

the endoderm folds in on the yolk sac to form the gut

the splachnic (visceral) and somatic (paritala) mesoderms fold around the front

the ectoderm folds around and encaplusulates the whole thing

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37
Q

what dose each paraxial mesoderm divide into

A

3 layers

dermatome, myotome, sclerotome

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38
Q

what does the dermatome form

A

dermis of skin

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39
Q

what does the myotome from

A

muscles

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40
Q

what does the sclerotome form

how can you tell

A

bones & vertebra

it is the most proximal ‘‘tome’’ to the neural tube

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41
Q

what dose the interior palte mesoderm form

A

urogenital system, kidneys and reproductive system

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42
Q

what dose the endoderm form

A

the gut and respiratory system

43
Q

what is teratology

A

the study of when things go wrong during development

44
Q

what is the leading cause of abnormal development

A

unknown aetiology (unknown cause)

45
Q

what drug caused malformed limbs due to maternal use

A

thalidomide

46
Q

what environmental factors effect development

6

A 
drugs
alcohol
Tabaco 
infectious agents 
radiation
genetic factors - maternal age
47
Q

when is the highest risk of teratogenesis

why not earlier/ later?

A

3 - 8 weeks

earlier - more likely to die

later - ‘‘firm foundation’’ leads to less sensitivity to teratogenesis

48
Q

what are the prenatal ways in which to diagnose malformations

A

blood
ultrasound - 12 weeks in

invasive - chronic villus sampling and amniocentesis

49
Q

what is chronic villus sampling

A

when a tissue sample of the villi of the Chiron (finger like processes) is taken

50
Q

what is amniocentesis

A

a sample taken with a hollow needle of the amniotic fluid

51
Q

what are the postnatal ways in which to diagnose malformations

A

check for abnormalities in the

hip stability
fingers and toes
hearing
testes

52
Q

when and where does development of the trachea and lungs begin

A

week 4

the ventral wall of the fore gut (early oesophagus)

53
Q

what is the outgrowth from the foregut

A

the laryngotracheal groove

respiratory diverticulum

54
Q

what dose the laryngotracheal grove then from

A

lung buds

55
Q

what is a diverticulum

A

a tube leading from a cavity that has a dead end (blind tube)

56
Q

what forms between the foregut and respiratory diverticulum

A

the oesophagotracheal septum

57
Q

what happens when the oesophagotracheal septum is closed

A

the trachea and oesophogas are formed. with the trachea ventral and oesophagus dorsal

58
Q

what is a fistula

A

when two tubes or organs connect to each other - that is abnormal or surgical

59
Q

what is Atresia

A

a condition in which a orifice/ tube is abnormally closed/ missiong

60
Q

what is a common fistula and Atresia in lung formation

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF) & Atresia

61
Q

how does the plura form

how does it get into the fissions

A

the visceral pleura (splanchnic mesoderm) is alredy formed around the lung bud and as the lung buds grow and develops more lobes they punch into the visceral pleura around them

62
Q

what are the 5 stages of lung buds

A 
FOETAL 
embryonic
pseudo glandular 
canalicular 
saccular

POSTNATAL
alveolar

63
Q

when and what occurs during the embryonic stage of lung buds

A

the formation of the first lung buds

weeks 4- 7

64
Q

when and what occurs during the pseudo glandular stage of lung buds

A

initial creation of conducting airways - no gas exchange elements

7-27 weeks

65
Q

when and what occurs during the canalicular stage of lung buds

A

17-27 weeks

terminal bronchioles start to form respiratory bronchules - type 1/2 pneumocytes start to form

66
Q

when and what occurs during the saccular stage of lung buds

A

27-40 weeks

formation of alveolar sacs which will further divide into alveoli

67
Q

when and what occurs during the POSTNATAL stage of lung buds

A

32 weeks - 8 YEARS

formation of alveoli from terminal sacs

alveoli enlarge

95% of adul alveoli formed postnatally

68
Q

what is sufricant a mixture of

A

phospholipids and proteins

69
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) effects how many neonates , how much of neonatal disease is RDS

A

effects 2% of neonates

makes up 30% of neonatal disease

70
Q

what are the 4 surrounding embryonic components that make up the diaphragm

A

septum transversum
pleuroperitoneal membrane

dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus

muscular ingrowth from the lateral body walls

71
Q

what dose the septum transversum form

A

form the central large tendon of the diaphragm (the bulk of the diaphragm)

72
Q

what dose the pleuroperitoneal membrane form

A

the primitive diaphragm

73
Q

what dose the dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus do

A

form the median portion and crura

74
Q

what is the crura of the diaphragm

A

two tendinous like structures that bind to the vertebra below the diaphragm to be used as anchors

75
Q

where does the septum transversum initially form

what happens, why is this important

A

opposite C3 - 5

it moves down during development into the diaphragm - BRINGS DOWN THE NERVES C3 - 5

76
Q

what is the name of the nerve at C3 - 5

what dose it do

A

phrenic nerve

keeps the diaphragm alive

77
Q

what 3 major defects lead to congenital abnormalities

A

the diaphragm doesn’t completely close

Herniation of abdominal contents into the chest

Pulmonary hypoplasia

78
Q

what is a hernia

A

a bulge or protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that contains it

79
Q

what is pulmonary hypoplasia

A

the incomplete development of the lungs = smaller or less alveoli

80
Q

at what age can a premature baby survive - why?

A

late canalicular stage (22/23) weeks

there is the beginnings of airways that can partake in gas exchange - before then only conducting airways

81
Q

what conditions occur during lung development in the conducting airways (4)

A

airway stenosis
airway malacia
pulmonary agenesis/hypoplasia
trachea-oesophageal fistula

82
Q

what conditions occur during lung development in the respiratory airways (4)

A

bronchogenic cyst

lobar
emphysema

cystadenoma malformation

pulmonary sequestration

83
Q

what is tracheo-bronchomalacia - symptoms (4)

A

barking seal like cough
recurrent croup - infection that leads to swelling in the trachea
stridor/wheeze
breathless on exertion

84
Q

how is trachea-bronchomalacia - managed (4)

A

airway cleaning physiotherapy

antibiotics

avoid asthma treatment - bronchodilators

will resolve with time

85
Q

what remodelling can occur due to pre-natal nicotine exposure

(4)

A

lung hypoplasia - incomplete development

reduced alveolarization

small airways - more likely to get obstructive syndromes (asthma…)

increased chance of infection

86
Q

what antenatal features cause COPD

A

maternal malnutrition
foetal infection
prematurity
in utero nicotine exposure

87
Q

how would a diaphragmatic hernia occur

A

pulmonary hypoplasia (bad lung development)

persistent pulmonary hypertension

88
Q

what is disease associated with wet lung

A

transient tachypnea is due to the delayed absorption of foetal lung fluid

89
Q

what is transient tachypnea associated with - what happens to new-borns with this

A

caesarean section

laboured and fast breathing but resolves within 24-72 hours

90
Q

what disease is associated with surfactant deficiency

A

hyaline membrane disease (RDS)

91
Q

what is another term for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A

hyaline membrane disease

92
Q

what is the treatment of RDS (3)

A

antenatal glucocorticoids

surfactant replacement

support

93
Q

what is the outcome of hyaline membrane deficiency (RDS)

A

endogenous surfactant production kicks in by day 5

94
Q

what is bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

chronic neonatal lung disease

95
Q

who is affected - what are the risk factors

A

premature babies are effected - due to the oxygen toxicity by being on mechanical infection

multifactorial
antenatal infection
genetic

oxygen toxicity

96
Q

what is airway malacia

A

softening of the airway - leading to its collapse

97
Q

what is pulmonary hypoplasia

A

congenital incomplete lung development

98
Q

what is airway stenosis

A

congenital narrowing of the air way

99
Q

what is a bronchogenic cysts

A

congenital defect when there is abnormal budding of the tracheal diverticulum

100
Q

what is lobar emphysema

A

air enters the lung but cant escape - hyper inflation

101
Q

what is cystadenoma malformation

A

congenital disorder - entire lobe of lung is replaced with a non working cystic piece of lung

102
Q

what is pulmonary sequestration

A

congenital - lung tissue develop not attached to pulmonary arterial blood supply

103
Q

what does HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) do

A

helps maintain the endometrium

respiration (17 decks)

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