URT drugs Flashcards
What are the goals of Pharmacolotherapy
- PREVENTION OF PATHOLOGICAL TRIAD:
–> Retained secretions –> HYDRATION and MUCOLYTICS
–> mucosal/airway edema –> DECONGESTANTS
–> Bronchospams/bronchoconstriction –> BRONCHODILATORS
Diluents
Mucokinetic agents = INCREASE production of secretions
- Water = remedy for dry, sore throat (can easily get down airway)
- Saline solution (isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic)
–> isotonic - similar oxmolarity to that of body fluids
–> Hypotonic - evaporation my yeild isotonic solution in airway
–> hypertonic - increased osmolarity can produce better mucosal movement + cough (more iritable)
Mucotropic drugs
- Facilitate the productiona nd ejection of mucus
- expectorants stimulate the bronchial glands to:
–> INCREASE volume of secretions
–> DECREASE viscosity of secretions (better motility)
- USE: increase ease of expulsion, enhance bronchial drainage, enhance cough effectiveness
EXPECTORANTS DO NOT MAKE YOU COUGH
describe MoA of expectorants
- Mech #1 = GUAIFENESIN (robitussin)
–> stimulation og gastropulmonary reflux
- Increase stomach irritation
- activates medullary center
- increase bronchial secretions
- Mech #2: Iodides (iodinated glycerol)
–> stimualtion of gastropulmonary reflex and DIRET BRONCHIAL STIMULATION
- drug (p.o) –> systemic (blood stream) –> direct bronchial stimulation
- also same mech as #1
Mucolytic agents uses
- Decreases viscosity, thickenss and stickiness of respiratory secretions (liquefy mucus)
USE:
–> prevention of accumualtion of thick, viscous secretions that clog respiratory passages
–> used in acute disorders
–> used in chronic disorders
Acetylcysteine
Mucokinetic agents (mucolytic agent)
MoA
–> cleaves disulfide bonds within mucoprotiens –> lowers mucus viscositiy
ADVERSE: ROTTEN-EGG ODOR
–> nausea, vomiting, rhinorrhea, and inflammation of oral mucosa
Deoxyribonuclease
- mucolytic agent
- It is an enzyme –> breaks down DNA
–> potential problems with structural and functional stability, expensive can cause hypersensitivity
ATROPINE
Antimucokinetic agents (antimovement drugs)
- Drugs taht decrease movement and/or production of mucus/fluid within the respiratory tract
- MOA (dry things up)
–> Block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (BLOCK PSNS actions)
- Use = decrease secretions or excess expectoration, prescritpion use only
- ADVERSE: imapir mucociliary clearance, retained secretions, dry mouth, nasal stuffiness
Describe general clinical use of antitussives
- drugs that affect the cough reflex
- recommended for short-term cough relief –> nonproductive cough
–> prevents tissue damage from nonproductive cough
- COugh = high velocity turbulent airflow
–> productive = defense mechanisms that helps expel mucus and foreign material from the URT
Codeine
Narcotic antitussives = drugs that affect the cough reflex
- MoA = activation of opioid receptors suppresses cough reflex by a central inhibitor effects
- ADVERSE
–> impair ciliary function, respiratory depression, bronchial constriction, drug dependence
What are the non-narcotic antitussives
Diphenhydramine = antihistamine
Benzonatate = local anesthetic effects on respiratory mucosa
dextromethorphan = inhibits cough reflex similary to codeine (medullary neurotransmission)
Decongestants general
Drugs taht relieve nasal and nasopharyngeal congestion
- USE: temporary relief of nasal congestion associated with common colds, upper respiratory allergies etc
–> DILATION of lacal blood vessels –> transduction of fluid into tissue spaces –> swelling of nasal cavity
MoA
–> ACTIVATION OF ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS on blood vessels –> VASOCONSTRICTION and causes constriction of mucous membranes (drying up of the mucosal vasculature)
What are the decongestants
drugs taht relieve nasal and nasopharyngeal congestion
- Phenlyphrine (nasal spray)
- Tetrahydrozoline (oral)
- Oxymetazoline (nasal spray)
- Pseudoephedrine (oral)
ADVERSE EFFECTS = HYPERTENSION (oral meds mainly)
Antihistamines general
drugs taht treat respiratory allergic response to seasonal allergies and other allergens
- USE = decrease nasal congestion, mucosal irritaiton and discharge
–> decrease coughing and sneezing assocaited with the cold
MoA: SPECIFICALLY BLOCK H1 RECEPTORS
–> allergic rxns evokse release of histamine that activates H1 receptor resulting in dilation of arterioles and cappillaries and increase blood flow
–> capillaries become more permeable –> edema(congestion) and increased release of secretions (runny nose and watery eyes)
what are the antihistamines
drugs that tx respiratory allergic response to season allergies and other allergens
diphenhydramine (more sedating)
cetirizine
loratadine
desloratidine
fexofenadine
