Acid/base

Question 1

describe the effects of respiration on pH

Answer 1

• HYPOventilation results in: RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

–> Increased pCO2 which results in Increased H2CO3 and increase H+

–> DECREASED pH

• HYPERventilation results in: RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

–> Decreased pCO2 which results in decrease H2CO3 and decreased H+ conc

–> INCREASED pH

Question 2

respiratory and metabolic effect changes in what?

Answer 2

• Respiratory imbalances –> changes in pCO2
• Metabolic imbalances –> changes in HCO3-

Question 3

describe compensation of acid-base imbalances

Answer 3

• with compensated acid-base imbalances:

–> ratio of HCO3- to dissolved CO2 can be normal or close to normal, but ABSOLUTE VALUES of dissolved CO2 and HCO3- both may be abnormal

–> body maintains the ratio of HCO3-/CO2

Question 4

describe graphically the effects of Hypoventilation and hyperventilation on the bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 4

Respiratory acidosis = line A –> D (Hypoventilation)

Respiratory alkalosis = line A –> E (Hyperventilation)

Question 5

describe respiratory acidosis

Answer 5

• HYPOventilation –> increased pCO2
• point on normal buffer slope below pH 7.4

Question 6

Describe respiratory alkalosis

Answer 6

• HYPERventilation –> decreased pCO2
• point on normal buffer slope above pH 7.4

Question 7

describe metabolic acidosis

Answer 7

• loss of HCO3-
• point on 40 torr isobar below pH 7.4

Question 8

describe Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 8

• increase in HCO3- concentration
• Point on 40 torr isobar above pH 7.4

Question 9

describe the compensation of metabolic acidosis

Answer 9

• the body compensates through INCREASED VENTILATION –> pCO2 is DECREASED and the pH INCREASES
• renal compensation also involved: secretion of acid urine and increased HCO3-
• Point B moves to Point C

Question 10

describe compensation of respiratory acidosis

Answer 10

• Respiratory acidosis

–> hypoventilation causes an increase in pCO2 that drives an increase in H+ and bicarbonate from dissociation of resulting H2CO3 (point A to B)

• compensates via kidney

–> kidneys act ot increase plasma HCO3- conc (point B to C)

• renal conc is slow and takes days

Question 11

describe respiratory alkalosis compensation

Answer 11

• respiratory alkalosis

–> hyperventilation causes a decrease in pCO2 resulting in increased pH (less dissolved CO2, so less H2CO3) (point A to B)

• compensation via kidneys

–> kidneys excret HCO3- resulting in pH returns to a value closer to normal (Point B to C)

Question 12

describe compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 12

• Metabolic alkalosis

–> bicarbonate is increased (A to B)

• conpensation via HYPOVENTILATION

–> point B moves to point C

–> kidney can compensate through secretion of HCO3-