Pathology 1

Question 1

Define Atelectasis

Answer 1

• incomplete expansion of lungs (neonatal) or collapse of previously inflated lung substances

–> usually reversible

–> hypoxia

–> predisposes to infection

Question 2

describe resorption atelectasis

Answer 2

1) Resorption = follows complete airway obstruction; excessive secretions; mediastinal shift toward atelectatic lung

Question 3

describe compression atelectasis

Answer 3

• excessive air, fluid, blood, or tumor in pleural space; mediastinum shifts away from affected lung

Question 4

patchy atelectasis

Answer 4

• loss of surfactant; RDS; postsurgical

Question 6

describe contraction atelectasis

Answer 6

• fibrosis around the lung (cicatrization)

Question 7

describe Hemodynamic pulmonary edema

Answer 7

• caused by INCREASE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, such as left-sided CHF
• GROSS: heavy, wet lungs; initially, basilar accumulation
• MICRO: engorgement of alveolar capillaries; intraalveolar pink precipitate; alveolar micro-hemorrhages; hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart failrue cells)

Question 8

Describe edema caused by microvascular injury

Answer 8

• Mech: injury to capillaries of alveolar septa
• Primary injur to vascular endothelium or damage to alveolar epithelial cells
• leakage of fluid and proteins

** can be localized (pneumonia) or diffuse (ARDS) **

Question 9

Emphysema

Answer 9

Obstructive

• ANATOMIC SITE = ACINUS
• PATH = airspace enlargement; wall destruction
• Etiology = tobacco smoking,
• Symptoms = Dyspnea

Question 10

chronic bronchitis

Answer 10

Obstructive

• ANATOMIC SITE = Bronchus
• PATH = mucus gland hyperplasia, hypersecretion
• Etiology = tobacco smoke, air pollutants
• Symptoms = cough, sputum production

Question 11

bronchiectasis

Answer 11

Obstructive

• ANATOMIC SITE = Bronchus
• PATH = Airway dialtion and scarring
• Etiology = persistent or severe infections
• Symptoms = cough; purulent sputum; fever

Question 12

Asthma

Answer 12

Obstructive

• ANATOMIC SITE = Bronchus
• PATH = Smooth muscle hyperplasia, excess mucus, inflammation
• Etiology = immunologic or undefined causes
• Symptoms = EPISODIC, wheezing, cough, dyspnea

Question 13

Small airway disease, bronchiolitis

Answer 13

Obstructive

• ANATOMIC SITE = BRONCHIOLE
• PATH = inflammatory scarring/ obliteration
• Etiology = tobacco smoke, air pollutants, miscellaneous
• Symptoms = Cough, dyspnea

Question 14

OBSTRUCTIVE VS RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE

Answer 14

Obstructive:

–> limitation of airflow due to INCREASED resistance caused by partial or complete obstruction (trachea to respiratory bronchioles

–> DECREASE FEV1/FVC (due to decrease in FEV1)

RESTRICTIVE:

–> decreased expansion of lung with TLC

–> FEV1/FVC = NORMAL