urology surgery

Question 1

common complication following relief of urinary obstruction

what monitoring should be performed daily?

Answer 1

diuresis, during which salt and water are lost, risking hypovolaemia, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
these can lead to falls in elderly patients
daily U&Es

Question 2

scrotal findings of of inguinal hernia

Answer 2

cannot get above the lump

Question 3

scrotal swellings that transilluminate

Answer 3

hydroceles

Question 4

first line investigations for testicular masses

Answer 4

testicular USS

Question 5

sterilisation following vasectomy

Answer 5

only once it is confirmed with clear semen analysis

Question 6

most common form of prostate cancer

Answer 6

adenocarcinoma

Question 7

BPH medical mx

Answer 7

alpha-1 antagonists, e.g. Tamsulosin

5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, e.g. Finasteride

Question 8

seminoma tumour markers

Answer 8

AFP and HCG are typically normal

Question 9

which type of testicular tumour are AFP and HCG raised

Answer 9

non-seminomatous germ cell tumours

e.g. teratoma, yolk sac tumour

Question 10

most common constituent of stag-horn calculi

Answer 10

struvite - magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 11

most common constituent of renal calculi

Answer 11

calcium oxalate

Question 12

chronic urinary retention long-term mx

Answer 12

intermittent self-catheterisation

Question 13

characteristics of testicular torsion

Answer 13

acute testicular pain
unilateral swelling
retracted testicle
absent cremasteric reflex

Question 14

mx of prostatitis

Answer 14

14 days ciprofloxacin

Question 15

overactive bladder mx

Answer 15

moderate fluid intake and bladder retraining

antimuscarinics - Oxybutynin

Question 16

urinary incontinence following STI is due to

Answer 16

urethral stricture

Question 17

imaging for renal stones

Answer 17

USS

Non-contrast CT KUB

Question 18

most common renal cancer

Answer 18

adenocarcinoma (RCC)

Question 19

mx for RCC

Answer 19

radical nephrectomy

Question 20

mx of obstructive urinary calculi with signs of infection

Answer 20

nephrostomy (urgent renal decompression) and IV ABX

Question 21

most common causes of ED

Answer 21

vascular causes

Question 22

which initial investigation must be done in all patients with urinary incontinence

Answer 22

urinalysis to rule out UTI and diabetes mellitus

Question 23

what stage of RCC do most patients present at

Answer 23

stage IV

Question 24

how long should you postpone PSA test after prostatitis and UTI

Answer 24

at least 1 month

Question 25

what is stranding of periureteric fat seen in

Answer 25

recent ureteric stone passage

Question 26

hormonal therapy of prostate cancer

Answer 26

GnRH agonist (Goserelin) and anti-androgen (cyproterone acetate)

Question 27

how long must patients abstain from ejaculation or vigorous exercise before PSA test

Answer 27

48 hours

Question 28

most common organism causing infection of stag horn calculi

Answer 28

proteus mirabilis

Question 29

features of lichen sclerosus in men

Answer 29

most common in uncircumcised men
tight white ring around the tip of the foreskin
phimosis

Question 30

method for removing renal stones in pregnant women

Answer 30

ureteroscopy

Question 31

what is TURP syndrome

Answer 31

trans-urethral resection of prostate

caused by irrigation with large volumes of glycine causing hyponatraemia

Question 32

features of RCC

Answer 32

haematuria
loin pain
abdominal mass

Question 33

signs of bladder rupture

Answer 33

pelvic fracture
lower abdominal peritonism
unable to pass urine

Question 34

features of transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 34

arise from urothelium
more commonly presents with painless haematuria
may block urinary outflow leading to hydronephrosis and painful haematuria

Question 35

features of epididymal cyst

Answer 35

separate

can get above mass

Question 36

when is nephrostomy used

Answer 36

acute upper urinary tract obstruction causing hydronephrosis

ureteric obstruction due to stones with infection

Question 37

hernia in children

Answer 37

indirect inguinal hernia

INdirect = INfants