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finals > renal > Flashcards

renal Flashcards

1
Q

causes of raised anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

lactate: shock, sepsis, hypoxia
ketones: DKA, alcohol
urate: renal failure
acid poisoning: salicylates, menthol

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2
Q

causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

GI bicarb loss: diarrhoea, fistula
renal tubular acidosis
Addison’s disease

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3
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A 
vomiting
diuretics
hyperaldosteronism
hypokalaemia
Cushing's
CAH
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4
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation due to:

  • anxiety
  • pain
  • hypoxia
  • acute lung insult, e.g. PE
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5
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation due to:

  • COPD, severe asthma
  • sedative drugs
  • CNS depression
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6
Q

drugs to stop in AKI

DAAAMN

A 
Diuretics
Aminoglycosides
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Metformin
NSAIDs
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7
Q

IgA nephropathy vs post-streptococcus glomerulonephritis

A

IgA nephropathy occurs 2-3 days after URTI

post-strep occurs 2-3 weeks after URTI

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8
Q

extra-renal features of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

A

liver cysts - most common extra-renal feature, cause hepatomegaly
berry aneurysms - rupture leads to SAH
mitral valve prolapse

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9
Q

most common causative organism of peritonitis in patients who receive peritoneal dialysis

A

Staphlycoccus epidermidis is most common

Staph aureus is another cause

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10
Q

how does lithium cause diabetes insipidus

A

lithium desensitises the kidney’s ability to respond to ADH in the collecting ducts

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11
Q

rate of potassium administration

A

peripheral line - should not exceed 10 mmol/hr

central line - should not exceed 20mmol/hr, need continuous cardiac monitoring

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12
Q

TCC of bladder vs RCC

A

TCC of bladder - painless visible haematuria

RCC - haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass

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13
Q

cANCA is found in…

features of what it is found in…

A 
Wegeners granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangitis)
features:
chronic sinusitis, epistaxis
haemoptysis
crescenteric glomerulonephritis
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14
Q

complication of nephrotic syndrome

A

hyper coagulable state due to loss of anti thrombin III

this can lead to VTE or renal vein thrombosis

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15
Q

what should be done before commencing EPO in anaemia in CKD

A

check iron studies first

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16
Q

metabolic adverse effects of thiazides diuretics

A

hyponatraemia
hypokalaemia
hypercalcaemia

17
Q

features of Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

pulmonary haemorrhage -> haemoptysis

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis -> proteinurea and haematuria

18
Q

which type of glomerulonephritis can HIV cause

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

19
Q

acute tubular necrosis vs acute interstitial nephritis

A

ATN - BROWN, muddy urinary casts, unresolving renal dysfunction despite fluid therapy. Causes include shock and sepsis, and nephrotoxins. Urine osmolality >350
AIN - often drug-induced (NSAIDs), sterile pyuria with WHITE casts, does not occur until 4-7 days after commencing drugs

20
Q

renal pathology associated with SLE

A

nephrotic syndrome - membranous glomerulonephritis

found by low T4

21
Q

daily glucose requirement

A

50-100 g/day irrespective of the patient’s weight

22
Q

eGFR variables - CAGE

A

Creatinine, Age, Gender, Ethnicity

23
Q

which condition may be found by significant renal impairment after starting ACEi

A

bilateral renal artery stenosis

24
Q

cause of AKI most likely in sepsis

A

renal hypoperfusion

25
Q

rhabdomyolysis vs hypovolaemia causing AKI

A

rhabdomyolysis CK is >10000

26
Q

urine osmolality and sodium in pre-renal AKI

A

osmolality >500
sodium low
because, body thinks it does not have enough fluid therefore increases aldosterone and ADH meaning little sodium is lost to urine

27
Q

how to differentiate between primary vs secondary aldosteronism

A

look at renin - high renin means a secondary cause, e.g. renal artery stenosis
low renin means a primary cause, e.g. bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

28
Q

indications for haemodialysis in AKI

A

pulmonary oedema
hyperkalaemia
uraemia
acidosis

29
Q

ix for nephrotic syndrome

A

renal biopsy

30
Q

causative organism in peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis

A

Staph epidermidis

31
Q

what to do if a person suffers gynaecomastia on spironolactone

A

switch to Eplerenone

finals (25 decks)

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