ophthalmology Flashcards
risk factors for vitreous haemorrhage
diabetes
anticoagulants
bleeding disorders
presentation of vitreous haemorrhage
painless sudden loss of vision
dark spots in vision may also occur
red hue in vision
absent red reflex
features of acute angle closure glaucoma
severe pain decreased visual acuity symptoms worse with mydriasis haloes around lights semi-dilated non-reacting pupils hazy cornea systemic upset
features of optic neuritis
CRAP: Central scotoma RAPD Acuity deteriorates over hrs/days Pain on movement
treatment for herpes simplex keratitis
topical aciclovir
features of central retinal vein occlusion
sudden painless loss of vision
severe retinal haemorrhages on fundoscopy
features of central retinal artery occlusion
sudden painless loss of vision (‘descending curtain’)
RAPD
pale retina with cherry-red spot on fundoscopy
how is the site of the lesion identified in Horner’s syndrome
location of anhydrosis
head, arm and trunk = central lesion such as stroke
just face = pre-ganglionic lesion, e.g. Pancoast’s
no anhydrosis = post-ganglionic lesion, e.g. carotid dissection
mx of acute angle closure glaucoma
IV acetazolamide + combination of eye drops
e.g. Pilocarpine (direct parasympathomimetic), Timolol (beta-blocker), Apraclonidine (alpha-2 agnoist)
causes of cataracts
normal ageing hypocalcaemia diabetes long-term steroid use smoking
risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma
genetics black patients myopia HTN diabetes corticosteroids
moa of beta blockers in primary open-angle glaucoma
reduce aqueous production
moa of prostaglandin analogues in primary open-angle glaucoma
increase aqueous outflow
moa of sympathomimetics in primary open-angle glaucoma
reduce aqueous secretion and increase aqueous outflow
mydriasis
pupillary dilatation
miosis
pupillary constriction
hypermetropia
long-sightedness
myopia
short-sightedness
ix of newborn with infective conjunctivitis
take urgent swabs for microbiological investigation
grading of hypertensive retinopathy
SAFE Silver wiring AV nipping Flame haemorrhages Edema (papilloedema)
causes of papilloedema
space occupying lesion malignant HTN idiopathic intracranial HTN hydrocephalus hypercapnia
ix for age related macular degeneration
slit-lamp microscopy
fluorescein angiography
tomography
mx of herpes zoster ophthalmicus
oral antivirals (Aciclovir) no role for topical treatments
features of pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
microaneurysms
blot haemorrhages
cotton wool spots
venous beading
mx of blepharitis
hot compresses
mechanical removal of debris from lid margins
mx of anterior uveitis
urgent ophthalmology review
steroid eye drops + cycloplegics
moa of lantoprost
increases uveoscleral outflow
mx of shingles with Hutchinson’s sign
need urgent ophthalmology review
which macular degeneration is drusen seen in
Dry = Drusen
painless red eye following intraocular surgery
endophthalmitis
hypermetropia (long-sightedness) which glaucoma
acute angle closure glaucoma
myopia (short-sightedness) which glaucoma
primary open-angle glaucoma
features of internuclear ophthalmoplegia
impaired adduction of eye on same side as lesion
horizontal nystagmus of eye on opposite side as lesion
features of posterior vitreous detachment
sudden appearance of floaters
flashes of light in vision
blurred vision
features of viral conjunctivitis
serous discharge
recent URTI
preauricular lymphadenopathy
features of amaurosis fugax
transient and painless loss of vision
can have other vascular risks factors
which condition has red desaturation
optic neuritis
ophthalmology side effect of hydroxychloriquine
retinopathy
which part of optic pathway is affected if a person has homonymous hemianopia w macula sparing
occipital cortex
which part of optic pathway is affected if a person has bitemporal hemianopia
optic chasm due to pituitary tumour
