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Large Animal Medicine II > Urology I > Flashcards

Urology I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only antiinflammatory used for urinary obstruction/ rupture in small ruminants?

A

Flunixin meglumine

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2
Q

What is one of the biggest clinical signs of leptospira infections?

A

Abortions

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3
Q

What are some abnormal enlargements in the urethral area of males?

A

Hematomas, ruptured urethra/ “water belly”

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4
Q

What tool can you use to perform a vaginal exam on a cow, ewe, doe, sow/gilt?

A

A vaginal speculum

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5
Q

For what types of ruminants is a radiograph most useful?

A

In young or small ruminants

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6
Q

What is normal micturition like in the cow? Bull?

A

Cows –> urinate after standing up/ eating/ walking/ lying down, arched back, raised tail, straddled legs

Bulls –> arched back, raised tail, dribbling/ short pulsating urine

abnormal posture may indicate problem

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7
Q

How can you make a patient urinate to collect a sample?

A

Cows - stimulate vulva (“feather”) or catheterize

Bulls/steers - preputial massage (may or may not work), don’t catheter

Ewes - hold nose

Can use Lasix but will dilute urine SG

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8
Q

Which kidney is palpable rectally?

A

Left kidney

  • Found between 3rd-5th vertebra mobile
  • Smooth in goats, sheep, and pigs
  • Lobulated in cows
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9
Q

How do you palpate the urinary bladder in cattle vs small ruminants?

A

Rectally in cattle

Abdominally in small ruminants

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10
Q

What is the normal viscosity of ruminant urine? Color? Transparency? Odor?

A

Viscosity - watery

Color - straw/ amber, no abnormal proteins

Transparency - clear/ transparent, turbid/ cloudy not normal

Odor - ketones or strong ammonia abnormal

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11
Q

What is the normal range of a specific gravity for ruminant urine? pH?

A

1.020 - 1.040

pH 7.0 - 8.0 (acidic with ketosis, lactic acidosis basic)

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12
Q

What are some causes of red urine?

A

Hematuria - pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis, enzootic hematuria, embolic nephritis

Hemoglobinuria - Leptospirosis, bacillary hemoglobinuria, copper toxicity, post-parturient hemoglobinuria, cold water
intoxication

Myoglobinuria - Cassia toxicity, capture myopathy

** anaplasmosis results in normal colored urine**

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13
Q

What is the normal urea and creatinine levels in the cow?

A

BUN - 10-30 mg/dL

Creatinine - < 2 mg/dL
–> tends to increase faster due to urea reuptake in rumen

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14
Q

What is obstructive urolithiasis?

A
  • Condition in (usually castrated) males where urethra is blocked –> can be life-threatening
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15
Q

What causes Struvite or Calcium Phosphate obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
◦ High concentrate diets
◦ Diets high in calcium, magnesium, and/or phosphorus
◦ Low Ca:P ratio
◦ Pelleted rations
◦ Vitamin A deficiency
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16
Q

What causes calcium carbonate/ oxalate obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
Legumes
Oxalates
◦ Apples
◦ Sweet potatoes
◦ Dock
◦ Pigweed
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17
Q

What are some causes of high urine pH?

A

Herbivorous diet, high protein diets, UTI

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18
Q

What might reduce water ingestion by a ruminant?

A

Dirty water

Cold weather

Other diseases

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19
Q

What factors can predispose ruminants to obstructive urolithiasis?

A

Sigmoid process, urethral process in small ruminants (MOST COMMON SITE OF BLOCKAGE), early castration, exogenous estrogens/ growth hormones

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20
Q

What are the most common site of blockage from OU?

A

Urethral process/ vermiform appendage/ pizzle, followed distal sigmoid flexure

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21
Q

What is another name for Mg NH+ PO4? CaPO4?

A

Mg NH+ PO4 = STRUVITE

CaPO4 = APATITE

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22
Q

What 3 syndromes can occur from stones lodging at the urethral process or sigmoid flexure? What can prolonge partial obstruction lead to?

A
  1. Urethral obstruction
  2. Urethral rupture
  3. Bladder rupture

Partial obstruction –> hydroureter, hydronephrosis, bladder wall damage, urethral strictures

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23
Q

What urologic condition can be mistaken for constipation?

A

Stranguria

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of urethral obstructions?

A

Stranguria - (often mistaken for constipation)

Urethral pulsations without urination

Anorexia, mild bloat, lethargy

Treading, stretching, kicking @ abdomen

Tail switching

Vocalization (especially goats)

Palpable bladder distention
◦ Abdominal palpation in small ruminants
◦ Rectal palpation in large ruminants
Azotemia

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25
What clin path abnormalities would you see with a urethral obstruction?
+ Elevated creatinine + Hyponatremia + Hypochloremia ± Hyperkalemia BUN normal until late Creatinine of abdominal or SQ fluid 1.5-2 times serum
26
What clinical signs would you see with a ruptured urethra?
Ventral and preputial edema Aspirated fluid smells like urine when heated Signs of uremia In chronic cases, skin and SQ tissues begin to slough Preputial adhesions
27
What clinical signs would you see with a ruptured bladder?
Pain may subside Gradual abdominal distension Depression and anorexia Signs of uremia Large amounts of abdominal fluid with abdominal ultrasonography Clear fluid on abdominal tap
28
How can you medically treat urethral obstructions?
- Phenothiazine, fluids (give dextrose if hyperkalemic), slowly drain uroperitoneum with trochar in ruptured BLADDER, make paramedian skin incision to drain ruptured URETHRA Antibiotics Urinary acidifiers Need flunixin meglumine and meloxicam
29
How can you surgically manage urethral obstructions?
* Amputation of the urethral process (small ruminants) * Urethral catheterization / retrograde flushing * Perineal urethrostomy * Tube cystotomy * Ischial urethrostomy * Cystostomy --> can give Acepromazine (antispasmodic) to control urethral swelling
30
How should you prepare giving a urinary catheter to treat obstructive urolithiasis?
- Give 1 part 2% lidocaine to 3 parts water for pain | - Bladder catheterization difficult due to suburethral diverticulum
31
How can you lavage a urinary bladder?
- Walpol's solution (glacial acetic acid) | - Under anesthesia, titrate until bladder contents are acidic
32
What surgical procedures would you use on an animal going to slaughter?
- Urethrostomy, penile amputation, urethrotomy at site of obstruction
33
What surgical procedures would you use on an animal used for breeding or a pet?
Tube cystostomy or bladder marsupialization
34
How do you treat urethral rupture?
Urethrostomy, penile amputation, tube cystostomy, --> need skin incisions for urine drainage
35
How do you treat ruptured bladder?
Tube cystostomy for breeding animals/ pets Urethrostomy with catheter for food animal, can also do perineal or ischial urethrostomy
36
How can you prevent stone formation?
Delay castration as long as possible Recommend females for pets Give more water, avoid grain or have low grain diet Keep Ca:P ratio at 1.5-2.1 Give proper Ca, P, Mg and avoid excess protein Give urinary acidifier --> ammonium chloride with syrup
37
What are the clinical signs of UTI/ Pyelonephritis?
Ill thrift Fever Vague colic signs Stranguria Purulent or blood in urine
38
What generally are good options for treating UTIs/ Pyelonephritis?
Penicillin and B lactams (cephalasporins) Diuresis also necessary
39
What is the causative agent of Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis?
Corynebacteria renale Occurs via ascending urinary infection CS include • Hematuria, pollakiuria, pyuria • Thickened bladder wall, enlarged ureters, painful kidney Treatment: High doses of penicillin for 2 weeks, nephrectomy if only one kidney involved Prognosis = poor
40
What causes ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis?
C. renale converts urea to ammonia in high protein diets resulting in skin irritation, swelling, stenosis, phimosis in males, vulvar commisure distortion in females **angora and merino sheep most affected**
41
How do you treat ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis?
Debride, dry site/ environment, give penicillin, reduce protein consumption - Can give Petercillin --> lanolin, scarlet oil, oxytetracycline
42
What is necrotic posthitis?
Acute necrosis of prepuce in bulls and steers, usually in wet feedlots resulting in F. necrophorum infection
43
How do you treat necrotic posthitis?
Debride and give AB ointment, penicillin, keep environment dry Prognosis is good if caught early, strictures occur if disease progresses
44
What is the causative agent of "thin sow syndrome"?
Corynebacterium suis - Causes cystitis, pyelonephritis - Transmitted venerally from boar --> treat with penicillin
45
What are the clinical signs of Leptospira pomona and grippotyphosa?
Severe hemolytic disease Interstitial nephritis (may persist) Tubular necrosis in calves
46
How do you diagnose Lepto?
Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) **not good for L hardjo** • Phase contrast microscopy, dark-field microscopy, immunoflourescent antibody test, & PCR can be performed on renal tissue, urine, or urine sediment. • Culture is difficult and vaccine titers may alter result
47
How do you treat lepto?
- Tetracyclines/ penicillins/ long-term oxytetracyclines for herd health Prevention: Vaccination is good, avoiding standing water, remove rodents/ wildlife, *zoonotic*
48
How does embolic nephritis occur?
- Secondary to bacteremia or septicemia --> bacteria cause infarcts in kidneys - Can be incidental --> need large lesions for clinical signs - Treat with antibiotics
49
What metals are nephrotoxic?
``` Arsenic Mercury Lead Zinc Copper ```
50
What antimicrobials are nephrotoxic?
``` Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Sulfonamides Ionophores NSAIDs ```
51
What plants are nephrotoxic?
Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) Lilium (Earth lily) Quercus (Oak) Xanthium spp (Cocklebur)
52
What other substances can cause nephrotoxicity?
Ethylene glycol Vitamin C overdose Vitamin D overdose Mycotoxin (ochratoxin)
53
What clinical signs pigweed cause?
Perirenal edema/ kidney pathology Unknown toxic principle Death occurs because of hypokalemia No treatment, just avoid exposure
54
What causes bovine enzootic hematuria?
- Bracken fern - Can lead to intermittent hematuria and bladder neoplasia (TCC) - No treatment, avoid if possible
55
What part of the oak tree are toxic?
- Oak buds and acorns --> toxins are tannins or gallotanins | - Hepato/nephrotoxic, gastroenteritis, hemorrhage, edema, renal lesion
56
What is renal amyloidosis and what causes it?
- Amyloid deposition into tissues due to chronic antigenic stimulation - CS include hypoproteinemia, proteinuria, edema, diarrhea (resembles Johne’s disease) - No treatment
57
What is patent urachus?
Congenital condition following C-section or (more rarely) as a primary defect or infected umbilical remnants
58
What is a urachal abscess?
A congenital defect that: • Usually located at proximal end of urachus • A. pyogenes, E. coli, Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp • Often requires surgical resection. • Develops within first 1-2 weeks of life
59
What is polycystic kidney?
A congenital defect where: • Usually unilateral. Other kidney compensates masking clinical signs • If bilateral, calves are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth • Commonly found on necropsy. Kidney is enlarged with a few large cysts or several small cysts
60
What is renal oxalosis?
Congenital condition where: • Cows exposed to excess oxalate levels deposits in fetal glomeruli, tubules, & collecting ducts • These neonates also usually have cardiac and/or musculoskeletal defects as well
61
What are urachal vestiges? Clinical signs? Treatment?
• Persistent or infected urachus • Signs include dysuria, pollakiuria, stranguria • Treatment by surgical removal
62
What are some neoplasia of the urinary tract and where do you find them?
External genitalia • Fibropapilloma • Squamous cell carcinoma Kidney • Lymphosarcoma • Adenoma • Nephroblastoma Bladder •Transitional cell carcinoma

Large Animal Medicine II (15 decks)

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