Neonatal Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

How is enterotoxigenic E. coli spread?

A

Fecal-oral route

  • K99 Fimbria (F5) allow colonization of the ileum
  • Heat stable toxin increases intestinal secretions, resulting in secretory diarrhea
  • 80% of bacteria attach
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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of enterotoxigenic E. coli?

A
  • Secretory diarrhea and severe dehydration
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3
Q

How do you treat enterotoxigenic E. coli?

A

Amoxicillin 10mg/kg (remove bacteria)
Oral electrolyte solution (fix dehydration)
- Prevent with vaccine and clean environment

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4
Q

How does rotatvirus cause diarrhea?

A
  • Attaches to villous enterocytes, resulting in decreased surface area and malabsorptive diarrhea
  • Resolves in ~2 days in uncomplicated cases
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5
Q

How does coronavirus cause diarrhea?

A
  • Attaches to crypt and villous enterocytes, resulting in maldigestion and malabsorption
  • Has longer duration that rotavirus
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6
Q

What is the shedding period of Crytosporidium parvum?

A
  • Starts at 3 days, peaks at 2 weeks, can occur in adults

- Likes to stay in the environment

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7
Q

How does C. parvum cause diarrhea?

A
  • Causes severe villous atrophy –> malabsorptive diarrhea

- Severity depends on calf and environment

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8
Q

How do you treat C. parvum?

A
  • Supportive care
  • Antibiotics aren’t effective
  • Prevent by reducing herd exposure
  • *no vaccine**
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9
Q

What Salmonella serotypes are important in cattle?

A

S. typimurium, dublin, newport

- Cause secretory diarrhea by penetrating mucosa and causing intense submucosal inflammation

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10
Q

What are two common causes of coccidiosis?

A
  • Eimeria bovis and E. zuernii
  • Infection depends on parasite life cycle
  • CS = bloody diarrhea
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11
Q

How does giardia cause diarrhea?

A

Unknown mechanism but common cause of diarrhea in cattle

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12
Q

How can you diagnose causative agent of diarrhea?

A

Fecal sample –> fast, reliable, determines treatment

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13
Q

How do you treat diarrhea?

A
  • Correct fluid imbalance

* * needs IV fluids at 8-14% dehydration**

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14
Q

How can you determine hydration status in calves?

A

5%: Normal demeanor, no eyeball recession, <1 sec skin tent
6-8%: Slightly depressed demeanor, 2-4 mm eyeball recession, 1-2 sec skin tent
8-10%: Depressed demeanor, 4-6mm eyeball recession, 2-5 sec skin tent
10-12%: Comatose demeanor, 6-8 mm eyeball recession, 5-10 sec skin tent
>12%: Comatose/ dead, 8-12mm eyeball recession, >10 sec skin tent

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15
Q

What should be included in your fluids for a diarrhea-dehydrated calf?

A

Electrolytes, sodium bicarb, glucose

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16
Q

What is an appropriate electrolyte therapy for moderate scours?

A

2 L milk AM, 2L electrolytes noon, 2L Milk PM, 2 L electrolytes Evening, Ad lib electrolyte overnight

17
Q

What is an appropriate electrolyte therapy for severe scours?

A

1-2 L electrolytes AM, 2L electrolytes noon, 1L Milk PM, 2 L electrolytes Evening, Ad lib electrolyte overnight

18
Q

What is the antibiotic protocol for diarrhea?

A

Mild - none
Moderate - Oral
Severe - Injectable

19
Q

What NSAID do you want to use for diarrhea?

A

Flunixin meglumine

20
Q

How can you prevent spreading diarrhea?

A
  • Remove sick cows when they have clinical signs

- Have an all-in, all-out protocol

21
Q

How can you reduce the severity/ challenge of the infectious agent on the calf?

A
  • Treat calves quickly and isolate
  • Take care of sick calves last
  • Wash/ disinfect area after dealing with sick calves
  • Spray/ clean regularly
22
Q

Which diarrhea-causing agents have vaccines? What are the vaccine options?

A

Rotavirus, coronavirus, Clostridium perfringens type C and D, E. coli

Options include Scour Bos 9, Guardian, Scourguard 4KC

** Give primary dose first year, booster dose 4 weeks later, then annual vaccine every year after that