Hepatotoxicities Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the function of the liver?

A

Detoxify or activate incoming compounds

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2
Q

How do pyrrolizidine alkaloids affect the liver?

A

Phytotoxins metabolized by the liver cause progressive, irreverisble periportal fibrosis

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3
Q

What clinical signs does chronic ingestion of pyrrolizdine alkaloids cause?

A

Ill thrift, anorexia, depression, diarrhea, ascites, secondary photosensitization, weakness, hepatoencephalopathy, coma, death

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4
Q

How do you diagnose pyrrolizdine alkaloids?

A

Difficult though you will see elevated GGT and ALP with clinical signs

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5
Q

What is the prognosis of pyrrolizdine alkaloids toxicity?

A

Poor

Need high energy, low protein diet

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6
Q

What is the most common plant that contains pyrrolizdine alkaloids?

A

Tansy ragwort

> 5% in daily diet will cause death in 20 days

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7
Q

What are the toxic molecules in blue-green algae and mushrooms?

A

Hepatotoxic cyclic peptides

Result in disintegration of hepatocellular cytoskeleton

High dose ingestion leads to subacute death; low doses lead to liver failure and photosensitization

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8
Q

What are the toxic compounds in Lantana?

A

Triterpenoid compounds –> cause intrahepatic cholestasis

Clinical signs are anorectic, dehydrated, icteric, rumen stasis, photosensitization

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9
Q

What is an example of a mycotoxin?

A

Aflatoxin –> grow on corn, peanuts, and cotton seeds

[>1000 ppb] in feed cause severe liver lesions

[>650 ppb] over a few weeks may produce liver failure

[>350 ppb] over a month cause serious liver faliure

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10
Q

What can an overdose of copper cause?

A

Intravenous hemolysis following a few days of depression or inappetence

High intake dangerously increase storage levels

Stress triggers release –> erythrocytosis

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11
Q

When do you see iron overdoses?

A

In calves due to overdoses (rare)

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12
Q

What is the toxic dose of cockleburs and cycads?

A

0.3% of BW

Contains a glycoside toxin resulting in sever hypoglycemia and massive hepatic necrosis/ cirrhosis, ascites, and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Seeds and young plants most toxic

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of cocklebur/ cycad toxicity?

A

Depression, dyspnea, weakness, convulsions w/ opisthotonus, sudden death

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14
Q

Is Ostertagia more commonly found in beef or dairy cattle? In what organ is it most commonly found in?

A

Beef cattle (grazers)

Abomasum –> increases pH and causes diarrhea

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15
Q

What are the two types of Ostertagia infection?

A

Type 1: Grazing period
- overstocking and failure to gain weight with dark green diarrhea

Type 2: Emergence of arrested larvae
– anthelmintic treatment, diet change, weather change

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16
Q

What is proper treatment for nematodes?

A

Use anthemintics during grazing period

MUST AVOID RESISTENCE

Pasture rotation

No single option entirely effective

17
Q

What is the clinical importance of trematodes?

A

Can cause Clostridium hemolyticum/ C. novyi infections and liver abscesses