urogenital tract

Question 1

urogenital anatomy

Answer 1

1. upper urinary tract
   - ureters and kdineys
2. lower urinary tract
   - bladder and urethra

Question 2

describe major urinary tract infections

pathogen,epidemiology, risk factors

Answer 2

1. urethritis:STD most.eg. gonorrhoea
2. prostatitis
3. cystitis:bladder
4. pyelonephritis

Question 3

describe genital tract infections

causative organisms,epi,risk

Answer 3

1. bacterial:…………….
2. viral:genital herpes(hsv),human papilloma virus(hpv)
3. fungi:candidiasis/thrush(candida spp)
4. protozoal:trichomoniasis(tirchiomona vaginalis)

Question 4

stage of UTI

Answer 4

1. colonization
2. uroepithelium penetration
3. ascension
4. pyelonephritis
5. acute kidney injury

Question 5

urinary tract infection risk factor

Answer 5

1. female gender
2. diabetes
3. pregnancy
4. calculi within the urinary tract
5. urinary catheterisation
6. uninary tract abnormality

Question 6

UTIs majority pathogen

Answer 6

E.coli

Question 7

chlamydia

Answer 7

chalmydia trachomatis(gram negative-like,intracellular,coccoid)

Question 8

chlamydia diagnose

Answer 8

NAAT:nucleic acid amplification test

antigen testing

Question 9

chlamydia pregnate mother impact infant

Answer 9

pneumonia

Question 10

chlamydia symptom

Answer 10

pelvic inflammatory disease(PID)

Question 11

baterical vaginosis pathogen

Answer 11

usually mix of anaerobes.eg:gardnerella vaginalis

Question 12

BV diagonsis

Answer 12

1.microscopy.wet mount:clue cell.

few polymorphs,epithelial cells

Question 13

syphilis pathgoen

Answer 13

Treponema pallidum

Question 14

describe syphilis stage

Answer 14

primary: initial sign is small, hard-based chance or sore.leisions highly infectious,disappear after two weeks.
secondary: several weeks later skin rashes,caused by circulating immun complexes.rash can found in mucous membranes.lesion very infetious
tertiary: (latent phase):due to immnity reaction to surviving spirochaetes. can cause neurosyphilis

Question 15

congenital syphilis

Answer 15

• mental development damage
• common occurs in latent period
• pregnancy in primary or secondary satge likely to result in stillbirth

Question 16

viral urogenital tract disease pathogen

Answer 16

HSV-2(genital herpes.(hsv-1 cold sores)

Question 17

genital herpes latent in

Answer 17

nerve cells

Question 18

genital warts caused by

Answer 18

hpv (hpv16)

Question 19

fungal infections

Answer 19

candidasis:mainly: C.albicans and C.glabrata

Question 20

viginitits

Answer 20

1.bacteria 2.candida

Question 21

discharge “yellow-green frothy”

Answer 21

trichomonasis