respiratory tract infections

Question 1

respiratory tract anatomy

Answer 1

upper: nasal cavity, pharynx . larynx
lower: trachea, primary bronchi. lung

Question 2

upper RT(particularly) colonised by___ most

Answer 2

anaerobes microbes

Question 3

URT bacterial infections pathogens (common)

Answer 3

pharynx:strepcoccus pyogenes/corynebacterium diphtheriae

otitis media:multiple organisms: haemophilus influenzae(Hib)/Strept pneumoniae/ moraxella catarrhalis/sterpt pyogenes

Question 4

URT viral infectons pathogens(common)

Answer 4

acute respiratory viruses
eg: rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B, echovirus ,reovirus

Question 5

the common cold

Answer 5

viral rhinitis

>200 agents cause common cold

Question 6

Strept pyogenes cause

Answer 6

pharyngitis/ scarlet fever

Question 7

scarlet fever transmitted

Answer 7

respiratory droplet or direct contact

strep pyogenes

Question 8

strep pyogenes characterise

Answer 8

G+ cocci

b-hemolytic

Question 9

strep pyogenes virulence factors

Answer 9

erythrogenic toxin carried on a bacteriophage
polysaccharide capsule is poorly immunogenic
variety of toxins: mostly extracellular enzymes ( streptolysin)

Question 10

diiphtherai pathogens

Answer 10

corynebacterium diphtheriae
G+, contain polyphosphate granules
fastidious, difficult to grow——–media: Loeffler’s medium

Question 11

corynebacterium diphtheriae culture media

Answer 11

Loeffler’s medium

Question 12

diphtheria compliation

Answer 12

heart disease

Question 13

diphtheria virulence

Answer 13

produce diphtheria toxin

Question 14

diphtheria therapy

Answer 14

1. vaccine
2. antitoxin
3. antibiotic

Question 15

lower respiratory tract inections

Answer 15

1.bronchitis
2.pneumonia
3.whooping cough(pertussis)
4.

Question 16

whooping cough(pertussis) pathogen

Answer 16

bordetella pertussis

G- coccobacillus fastidious /detect by PCR

Question 17

bordetella pertussis virulence

Answer 17

1. filamentous haemagglutinin(FHA)
2. cytotoxins—–kill ciliated cells
3. pertussis toxin

Question 18

viral pneumonia pathogen

Answer 18

1. influenza(flu) A and B
2. RSV
3. coroviruse, rhinoviruses, parainfluenza viruse and adenoviruses