urogenital pathology

Question 1

define nodular hyperplasia or benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Answer 1

enlargement of the prostate due to overgrowth of the epithelium and fibromuscluar tissue of the transitional zone and periurethral area.

Question 2

symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 2

Lower urinary tract infections

Interference with muscular sphincter and by the obstruction of urine flow through pros attic urethra.

Question 3

4 zones of the prostate.

Answer 3

normal prostate=central, transitional, peripheral and periurethral zone.

Question 4

where does nodular hyperplasia originate from- (which zone of the prostate)

Answer 4

most centrally situated glands

this location enables it to produce early urinary obstruction.

Question 5

3 pathologic changes needed to develop nodular hyperplasia

Answer 5

nodule formation
diffuse enlargement of transitional zone and periurethral tissue.
enlargement of the nodules.

Question 6

what effect on cell proliferation do the androgens which can use benign prosaic hyperplasia have

Answer 6

increase cell proliferation and reduce cell death.

Question 7

in what age group are prosaic cancers most prevalent

Answer 7

over 40s

Question 8

treatment for prostatic cancer

Answer 8

Surgery, radiation therapy, and hormonal manipulations (antindrogenic), external beam radiation, prostatectomy.

Question 9

risk factors of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 9

age, race, family history, hormone levels, environmental influences.

Question 10

what hormones play a key role in benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 10

androgens- maintain growth and survival of prostate cancer cells.

Question 11

germline mutations in what predispose you to prostate cancer

Answer 11

BRAC2

Question 12

what is the grading system from prostate cancers called

Answer 12

Gleason scoring system.

Question 13

can prostate cancer be screened for

Answer 13

Yes- prostate specific antigen.

Question 14

what is the role of the testes

Answer 14

produce sperm and produce androgens.

Question 15

Testes are made up of what structures

Answer 15

tubules lined by spermatogonian (cells which differentiate and form sperm).
support cells- leydig and sertolii

Question 16

what are the different types of testicular cancer

Answer 16

PRIMARY
germ cell
non-germ cell
pure cell
mixed cell
miscellaneous
haematopoietic
teratomas= most common
SECONDARY
metastases

Question 17

what pre-existing medical conditions have been associated with the development of Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT)

Answer 17

o Prior TGCT in the contralateral testicle
o Cryptorchidism- undescended testes.
o Impaired spermatogenesis
o Inguinal hernia- reduced blood supply to testes
o Hydrocele- reduced blood supply to testes
o Disorders of sex development
o Prior testicular biopsy
o Atopy- genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases
o Testicular atrophy

Question 18

define seminoma

Answer 18

cancer, cells are look like spermatogonian cells but they are malignant.

Question 19

define teratoma

Answer 19

tumour cells have structure or cells which are not native to the place where the tumour is found.

Question 20

define hamartoma

Answer 20

tumour cells are similar to the cells consist of structures which are e.g. breast, ovarian.

Question 21

how are tumours determined in testes

Answer 21

age, before puberty is benign, after puberty malignant (it will metastases)

Question 22

define mature teratoma

Answer 22

have structures which are similar to other found in the body

Question 23

define immature teratoma

Answer 23

cells which don’t look like they come from anywhere else in the body- so invasive.

Question 24

what does the blood film of a acute and chronic epididymoorchitis

Answer 24

ghostly outlines of infarcted seminiferous tubules, surrounded by purulent exudate containing neutrophils and other inflammatory cells.

Question 25

define Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis.

Answer 25

testis becomes swollen, painful, and tender initially but later may have a residual mass indistinguishable from a neoplasm, prompting orchiectomy.

Question 26

what do blood films of sacrodosis of the testes show

Answer 26

non-necrotizing granulomas involving testicular parenchyma. Special stains for fungal organisms and acid-fast bacilli are negative.

Question 27

define malakoplakia of testis.

Answer 27

formation of soft yellow, tan, or brown nodules that replace normal testicular parenchyma.
The tubules and interstitium are extensively infiltrated by large histiocytes that have abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm (von Hansemann histiocytes)
Body unable to deal with infection

Question 28

define Sperm Granuloma

Answer 28

A n exuberant foreign body giant cell reaction to extravasated sperm

Question 29

which parts of the tetses does Tuberculous Orchitis happen

Answer 29

epididymis

Question 30

define Tuberculous Orchitis

Answer 30

Caseating granulomatous inflammation is prominent, with fibrous thickening and enlargement of the epididymis and adjacent structures

Question 31

define cryptorchidism

Answer 31

testicles are missing

Question 32

where are undescended tetses most commonly found.

Answer 32

the inguinal canal or upper scrotum

Question 33

2 forms of the cryptorchisdims

Answer 33

congential

acquired

Question 34

what causes congenital cryptorchidism

Answer 34

anomalies in anatomic development or hormonal mechanisms involved in testicular descent.

Question 35

what causes acquired cyptoorchdism

Answer 35

postoperative or spontaneous ascent due to various mechanisms: inability of the spermatic blood vessels to grow adequately, anomalous insertion of the gubernaculum, failure in reabsorption of the vaginal process and failure in postnatal elongation of the spermatic cord.

Question 36

complications of cryptochdism

Answer 36

Testicular atrophy, infertility, carcinoma (TGCTs)

Question 37

define hypogonadism

Answer 37

testicular failure

Question 38

causes of primary (problem in testes) hypogonadism

Answer 38

undescended testis
Klinefelter syndrome, hemochromatosis (iron deposited in tissues)
mumps, orchitis, trauma, cystic fibrosis, testicular torsion (Common in young) and varicocele.

Question 39

causes of secondary hypogonadism

Answer 39

pituitary failure (gonadotropin release controlled here), drugs (glucocorticoids, ketoconazole, chemotherapy, and opioids), obesity (due to oestrogen production from fat (dehydosetestostrone is converted to estradiol) and aging (inability to produce dehydosetestostrone)

Question 40

clinical presentation of tubercles orchitis

Answer 40

unilateral or bilateral mass, infertility and scrotal fistula.

Question 41

symptoms of sperm granuloma

Answer 41

history of pain and swelling of the upper pole of the epididymis, spermatic cord, and, rarely, the testis. Others have a history of trauma, epididymiditis, and orchitis.

Question 42

symptoms in tuberculous orchitis

Answer 42

painless scrotal swelling, but other signs and symptoms include unilateral or bilateral mass, infertility, and scrotal fistula.