Immunisation Flashcards
Why do me immunise
prevent individual disease
herd immunity
eradicate the disease
what is herd immunity
indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not
what are the 2 types of goals vaccination programs aim for
strategic
programmatic
What are the non- specific defences of the the body
unbroken skin
mucous membrane of gut, lung
acid & enzymes of gut
non-specific metabolism / inactivation
What is passive immunity
short lived immunity
e.g.antibiotic passed from the mother to baby
VSV given to pregnant women if she hasn’t had chickenpox
What is active immunity
long lived immunity
when exposed to antigens antibodies are made.
Is immune memory passive or active memory
active
what are the 4 types of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA.
Which antibody does the primary response cause a production of
IgM
What antibody does re-exposure to an antigen cause the production of
IgG
Which cells produce antibodies
B cells
Which vaccines are examples of live strains
MMR, BCG, Yellow fever, Varicella
Act like the natural infection
Which vaccines are examples of inactivated organisms
pertussis, typhoid, IPV
Which vaccines contain components of organisms
influenza, pneumococcal
Which vaccines have inactivated toxins
diphtheria, tetanus
Advanatges of live vaccines
- Single dose often sufficient to induce long-lasting immunity
- Strong immune response evoked
- Local and systemic immunity produced
disadvantage of live vaccine
- Potential to revert to virulence
- Contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients
- Interference by viruses or vaccines and passive antibody
- Poor stability
- Potential for contamination
Advantage of inactivated disease
- Stable
- Constituents clearly defined
- Unable to cause the infection
disadvantage of inactivated disease
- Need several doses
- Local reactions common
- Adjuvant needed
- keeps vaccine at injection site
- activates antigen presenting cells
- Shorter lasting immunity.
Reactions to vaccines
- Local - pain, swelling or redness at injection site; small nodules may form at injection site
- General - fever, irritability, malaise, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite
does the frequency of reaction increase or decrease with the number of reactions
Freq of reactions decreases with no of doses - ab produced in response to live vaccine neutralises the small amount of vaccine virus in subsequent vaccine dose
does the frequency of reaction increase or decrease with number of reactions
• Freq of reactions increases with no of doses - if ab levels are good from earlier vaccination, ab binds to the vaccine antigen in a subsequent dose leading to inflammatory response
Within how many hours is a reaction to a vaccine likely if it a inactivated forms
48 hrs
Within how many hours is a reaction to a vaccine likely if it activated forms
depends on the vaccine MMR- Measles-1st week rubella- 2nd week Mumps- 3-6th week
Which new vaccines are available on the NHS programme
- Varicella/ Zostavax- given to old
- Menveo ( Conjugated MENINGO ACYW135 )- given to YR 12,13 ad freshers
- Men B - baby
- Rotavirus- baby
- Fluenz- preschool children
